Instruction: how to tell if a dog is cold outside in winter.

Introduction

1. Understanding Dog's Tolerance to Cold

Understanding a dog’s tolerance to cold is essential for preventing hypothermia and ensuring comfort during winter outings. Tolerance varies widely among breeds, age groups, health status, and individual temperament.

Key determinants of cold tolerance:

Coat type - Double‑coated breeds (e.g., Siberian Husky, Alaskan Malamute) retain heat better than short‑haired or hairless dogs.
Body size and shape - Larger dogs with more muscle mass lose heat slower; small or slender dogs cool quickly.
Age - Puppies and senior dogs have reduced thermoregulation and are more vulnerable.
Health conditions - Illnesses that affect circulation, metabolism, or thyroid function lower resistance to low temperatures.
Acclimatization - Dogs accustomed to colder climates develop thicker undercoats and improved circulation over time.

Observable signs that a dog is struggling with the cold:

Shivering or trembling - involuntary muscle activity to generate heat.
Lifted paws - reluctance to place feet on cold surfaces.
Curling tightly - attempts to conserve body heat.
Lethargy or slowed gait - reduced energy expenditure in response to chill.
Whining or vocal distress - discomfort expressed vocally.
Cold ears, tail, and belly - tactile indication of peripheral heat loss.

Practical assessment steps:

Approach the dog calmly and feel the temperature of the ears, tail base, and abdomen. Warm, pink skin suggests adequate circulation; pale, cool skin indicates potential hypothermia.
Observe behavior for the listed signs during a brief outdoor exposure (no more than 5 minutes for at‑risk dogs).
Compare the dog’s reaction to a known baseline (e.g., the same dog’s response on a milder day). Consistent deviation signals reduced tolerance.

When a dog shows any combination of the above indicators, limit exposure, provide a insulated shelter, or use a protective garment. Regularly reassess tolerance as the season progresses, especially after health changes or weight fluctuations.

2. Factors Affecting Cold Sensitivity

2.1 Breed and Coat Type

When evaluating a dog’s susceptibility to cold, breed characteristics and coat composition are the primary criteria. Each breed possesses a genetic insulation level that determines how quickly the animal loses heat in low temperatures.

Short‑haired breeds - Examples: Greyhound, Whippet, Boxer. Their thin coats provide minimal protection; they feel the chill within minutes of exposure. Provide supplemental warmth such as a sweater or limit outdoor time when temperatures drop below 40 °F (4 °C).
Medium‑length coats - Examples: Labrador Retriever, Siberian Husky, Border Collie. These dogs have a moderate layer of fur that retains heat but may still become uncomfortable in prolonged sub‑freezing conditions. Monitor for shivering or reluctance to move after 20‑30 minutes outdoors at 20 °F (‑6 °C) and consider a protective layer.
Double‑coated breeds - Examples: Alaskan Malamute, Samoyed, German Shepherd. The dense undercoat and outer guard hair create an effective barrier against wind and low temperatures. These dogs can tolerate longer exposure, yet extreme cold (below 0 °F or ‑18 °C) can still overwhelm their insulation. Watch for signs such as a tucked tail, slowed gait, or attempts to seek shelter.
Hairless or minimally furred breeds - Examples: Chinese Crested, Xoloitzcuintli, American Hairless Terrier. Lack of fur eliminates natural insulation; they require immediate external protection regardless of ambient temperature.

Coat health influences thermal regulation. A well‑groomed, dry coat maintains its insulating properties, while wet or matted fur reduces effectiveness and accelerates heat loss. Regular brushing, especially for double‑coated breeds, prevents matting and allows the undercoat to function properly.

In practice, combine breed knowledge with real‑time observation: if a dog of a breed with a thin coat exhibits shivering, lifts paws off the ground, or seeks shelter quickly, the environment is too cold. Conversely, a double‑coated breed that remains active and displays no discomfort can safely remain outdoors longer, though vigilance remains essential as wind chill and moisture can alter conditions rapidly.

2.2 Size and Body Fat

Size and body fat are primary determinants of a dog’s ability to retain heat in low temperatures. Larger breeds possess greater mass, which slows heat loss, while smaller dogs lose warmth more rapidly because of a higher surface‑to‑volume ratio. Dogs with substantial subcutaneous fat act as natural insulation; lean individuals lack this buffer and become chilled sooner.

Key considerations for assessing risk based on size and body condition:

Dogs under 10 lb typically require additional protection (coat, sweater, or limited exposure) when ambient temperature drops below 45 °F (7 °C).
Breeds with a dense double coat (e.g., Siberian Husky, Alaskan Malamute) can tolerate colder conditions than short‑haired or hairless dogs of similar weight.
Body condition score (BCS) of 4-5 on a 9‑point scale indicates adequate fat reserves; a BCS of 2-3 signals insufficient insulation, increasing susceptibility to hypothermia.
Overweight dogs (BCS 7-9) may retain heat better but risk reduced mobility and joint stress, which can limit safe outdoor activity.

When evaluating a specific dog, compare its weight class and BCS to the thresholds above. If the animal falls into the low‑weight, low‑fat category, reduce outdoor time, provide wind‑proof shelter, and monitor for shivering, lethargy, or cold‑to‑touch extremities. These measures ensure that size and body fat are factored into accurate judgments about a dog’s thermal comfort during winter.

2.3 Age and Health Conditions

Older dogs and individuals with medical problems lose heat more quickly than healthy, mature animals, so they require closer observation when temperatures drop.

Shivering or trembling that is not linked to excitement.
Reluctance to move, especially to the door or yard.
Preference for heated surfaces, such as cushions or radiators.
Curling tightly with the tail wrapped around the body, reducing exposed skin.

Health conditions that increase cold sensitivity include:

Arthritis or joint inflammation, which makes muscle stiffness more painful in low temperatures.
Hypothyroidism, which slows metabolism and reduces internal heat production.
Thin or sparse coat, whether congenital or due to grooming, skin disease, or malnutrition.
Low body condition score, indicating insufficient fat insulation.
Cardiovascular or respiratory disorders that impair circulation and oxygen delivery.

When a dog falls into any of these categories, owners should take preventive steps: limit outdoor exposure, provide a wind‑proof shelter, use a properly fitted dog sweater, and check paws for frostbite after walks. If signs of discomfort persist, a veterinary assessment is advisable to rule out underlying disease or to adjust treatment for existing conditions.

Recognizing Signs of Cold

1. Behavioral Indicators

1.1 Shivering or Trembling

Veterinary professionals recognize shivering as the primary physiological response when a dog’s core temperature drops below its comfort range. Muscle contractions generate heat, producing visible tremors that intensify as ambient temperature falls or wind chill increases.

Shivering indicates that thermoregulatory mechanisms are insufficient to maintain homeostasis. Dogs with short coats, low body fat, or senior age are especially prone to this response. Persistent trembling, especially when accompanied by a stiff posture, suggests that passive insulation (e.g., blankets, shelter) is inadequate.

Key observations for assessing shivering:

Rapid, rhythmic tremor of the entire body or localized to the limbs.
Increased frequency of tremor as the dog remains outdoors or after exposure to wind.
Absence of other stress signals (e.g., panting, vocalization) that could mask the cause.

When shivering is detected, immediate actions include moving the animal to a warmer environment, providing a dry, insulated surface, and monitoring for escalation to hypothermia signs such as lethargy, pale mucous membranes, or slowed heart rate.

1.2 Hunching or Cowering

As a veterinary specialist, I observe that a dog will often adopt a hunched posture or cower when exposed to low temperatures. This behavior reflects an instinctive effort to conserve body heat by reducing surface area exposed to the cold. The animal’s spine may curve downward, ribs may appear drawn inward, and the tail may tuck between the legs. These adjustments are accompanied by a reluctance to move, indicating discomfort.

Key indicators of hunching or cowering include:

Rounded back with a lowered head.
Tail positioned low or hidden under the body.
Limited willingness to stand or walk, often staying close to a heat source.
Shivering that persists despite attempts to relocate to a warmer spot.

When you notice these signs, provide immediate shelter, a warm blanket, or a heated pad. Monitor the dog’s temperature and behavior for improvement; persistent hunching may signal hypothermia and require veterinary intervention.

1.3 Whining or Barking

When temperatures drop, a dog may vocalize discomfort through whining or persistent barking. These sounds differ from normal excitement or alertness in several ways. First, the vocalization occurs while the dog remains relatively still, often seeking shelter or shivering. Second, the tone is higher‑pitched, strained, and accompanied by other cold‑related behaviors such as curled posture or lifting paws off the ground.

Key indicators that whining or barking signal cold stress:

Repeated, low‑energy vocalizations without an obvious external trigger (e.g., stranger, noise).
Accompanying signs: shivering, reluctance to move, seeking warm surfaces.
Change in usual vocal pattern: louder, more urgent, or continuous over several minutes.
Occurrence during prolonged exposure to wind, rain, or temperatures near or below the dog’s lower critical temperature (typically 45 °F/7 °C for most breeds).

Interpret these cues by observing the context. If the dog vocalizes while standing in a draft, appears tense, and shows physical signs of chill, the sounds likely indicate cold discomfort. Promptly provide a warm, insulated area, a blanket, or bring the dog indoors. Monitoring vocal behavior after warming confirms the cause: a rapid decline in whining or barking suggests the cold was the primary factor, whereas persistence may point to pain, anxiety, or illness, requiring veterinary evaluation.

1.4 Seeking Shelter

When temperatures drop, a dog’s instinct to find protection becomes a primary indicator of discomfort. Observe the animal’s behavior: if it repeatedly moves toward a doorway, under a vehicle, or into a dense bush, the dog is actively seeking a warmer micro‑environment. This response often precedes more obvious signs such as shivering or reluctance to move.

Key actions to assess and support a dog that is searching for shelter:

Verify the presence of a dry, wind‑blocked area within sight. A concrete wall, garage entry, or insulated kennel can serve this purpose.
Ensure the chosen spot is free from moisture. Wet fur accelerates heat loss, so a damp surface negates the benefit of shelter.
Provide a raised platform or blanket. Elevation prevents contact with cold ground, while a thick, water‑resistant mat retains body heat.
Monitor the duration of the shelter‑seeking behavior. Persistent, repeated trips to the same location suggest the dog cannot maintain a comfortable core temperature.

If the dog fails to locate adequate protection, intervene by guiding it to a prepared shelter. Consistently offering a safe, insulated space reduces the risk of hypothermia and reinforces the animal’s natural coping mechanisms during winter conditions.

1.5 Lifting Paws

The product known as 1.5 Lifting Paws offers a practical method for assessing canine thermal comfort during cold weather. It integrates a flexible, insulated sleeve that fits snugly around a dog’s forelimb, allowing owners to monitor limb temperature through a built‑in thermochromic strip. When the strip changes from blue to green, the limb is within the optimal temperature range; a shift to yellow indicates the animal is losing heat and may be experiencing cold stress.

Key observations supported by 1.5 Lifting Paws:

Shivering or rapid panting coincides with a yellow thermochromic signal.
Cold extremities, such as pale or bluish paws, align with a blue‑to‑yellow transition.
Restlessness or frequent seeking of shelter often follows a sustained yellow reading.

To use the device correctly, follow these steps:

Slide the sleeve onto the dog’s front paw, ensuring even contact without restricting movement.
Observe the color of the strip after five minutes of outdoor exposure.
If the strip displays yellow, reduce exposure time, provide additional insulation, or relocate the dog to a warmer environment.
Re‑evaluate after adjustments by repeating the five‑minute observation.

The design of 1.5 Lifting Paws eliminates reliance on subjective judgment, delivering an objective indicator that complements traditional signs of cold discomfort. Its lightweight construction permits use on walks, hikes, or while the dog remains outdoors, ensuring continuous feedback without interfering with normal activity.

2. Physical Symptoms

2.1 Cold Ears or Paws

Cold ears and paws are the most immediate external indicators that a dog is losing body heat in low temperatures. When the ambient chill exceeds the animal’s insulation capacity, peripheral blood flow is reduced to preserve core warmth, causing the extremities to feel chilled to the touch. The following observations confirm this response:

Ears feel noticeably colder than the rest of the head; skin may appear pale or slightly grayish.
Paws exhibit a cool surface temperature, often accompanied by a bluish tint on the pads or the fur between toes.
The dog’s gait becomes stiff or hesitant, reflecting reduced flexibility in the joints of the paws.
The animal may lift or shake its front feet more frequently as it attempts to generate heat through movement.

If any of these signs appear, promptly provide a wind‑protected shelter, a warm bedding area, or a brief indoor break to prevent hypothermia. Continuous monitoring of ear and paw temperature offers a reliable, quick method for assessing a dog’s comfort level during winter outings.

2.2 Slowed Movement

When temperatures drop, a dog’s locomotion often changes noticeably. A reduction in stride length and a hesitant gait indicate that the animal is conserving heat. Muscle activity requires energy; by moving more slowly, the dog minimizes heat loss through friction and respiration. Observe the following patterns:

Shortened steps, especially when the dog approaches a cold surface.
Reluctance to climb stairs or jump onto furniture that feels chilly.
Pausing frequently during walks, with a noticeable decrease in overall speed.

These behaviors are physiological responses rather than signs of injury or fatigue. The nervous system prioritizes core temperature maintenance, prompting the animal to limit vigorous movement. If slowed movement persists alongside shivering, a tucked tail, or cold extremities, provide additional insulation or limit exposure time. Immediate action-such as offering a warm shelter or a blanket-prevents hypothermia and restores normal activity levels.

2.3 Stiffness

Stiffness in a dog’s limbs and back is a reliable indicator that the animal is experiencing cold stress. When ambient temperatures drop, peripheral circulation contracts to preserve core heat, resulting in reduced joint flexibility and a noticeable reluctance to move.

Observe the following manifestations:

Hesitant gait, with short, deliberate steps rather than a fluid stride.
Resistance when the dog is lifted or when a paw is examined; muscles feel taut.
A tendency to curl up tightly, minimizing exposure of the abdomen and extremities.
Decreased willingness to play or engage in activities that require stretching.

These behaviors differentiate from normal post‑exercise soreness because they appear suddenly with a temperature change and are not accompanied by inflammation or pain markers. If stiffness is present, immediate measures include:

Relocating the dog to a sheltered, warm environment.
Providing a thick, insulated bedding surface.
Offering a low‑heat source such as a heated pad, ensuring it is not too hot.
Monitoring for improvement; persistent rigidity may signal hypothermia and require veterinary assessment.

Recognizing stiffness promptly allows caregivers to intervene before the cold condition escalates, preserving the dog’s comfort and health throughout winter.

2.4 Pale Gums

Pale gums are a reliable physiological marker when assessing a dog’s response to low ambient temperatures. Normal canine gingiva exhibits a pink hue, reflecting adequate peripheral blood flow and oxygenated hemoglobin. A shift toward a lighter, almost white coloration indicates vasoconstriction, a protective response that reduces heat loss by limiting blood circulation to the skin and extremities. This vasomotor adjustment often accompanies exposure to cold weather and can precede more severe hypothermic conditions.

To evaluate gum color accurately, gently lift the upper lip and observe the gingival margin against natural light or a bright, neutral background. Compare the observed shade with the dog’s baseline gum color, which owners should note during warm conditions. If the gums appear noticeably paler than usual, consider the following actions:

Move the dog to a warmer environment immediately.
Provide a thick, insulated bedding and, if appropriate, a dog‑sized sweater.
Offer a warm, calorie‑dense meal to support metabolic heat production.
Monitor core temperature by feeling the inner thigh or using a rectal thermometer; values below 100 °F (37.8 °C) require veterinary attention.
Check for additional cold‑stress signs such as shivering, lethargy, or a slowed heart rate.

Persistent or worsening pallor despite warming measures signals possible circulatory compromise and warrants prompt veterinary evaluation. Early detection of pale gums enables timely intervention, reducing the risk of hypothermia and its associated complications.

Preventing Cold Exposure

1. Limiting Time Outdoors

Veterinary experience shows that restricting a dog’s exposure to cold air is a primary method for preventing hypothermia during winter walks. When temperatures drop below the canine comfort threshold-generally around 45 °F (7 °C) for short‑haired breeds and 55 °F (13 °C) for long‑haired or small dogs-shortening outdoor periods reduces heat loss and limits the risk of frostbite.

Key considerations for limiting time outdoors:

Assess breed and coat type. Thin‑coated or hairless dogs lose heat faster; they require the briefest outings.
Monitor wind chill. A wind speed of 10 mph (16 km/h) can lower perceived temperature by 10 °F (5 °C); adjust duration accordingly.
Check for early warning signs. Shivering, tucked tail, reluctance to move, or cold paws indicate that the current outing should end immediately.
Set a maximum interval. For most breeds in moderate cold, 10‑15 minutes is sufficient; increase to 5‑10 minutes for very small or hairless dogs.
Use a timer. An alarm prevents unintentional overexposure when the owner is distracted.

If a walk must exceed the recommended interval, incorporate frequent indoor breaks. Allow the dog to rest on a warm surface for several minutes before resuming. Providing a protective layer-such as a well‑fitted coat-can extend safe outdoor time, but it does not replace the need for periodic returns indoors.

In practice, plan routes that enable quick return to shelter, keep the leash short to maintain control, and always carry a portable blanket or emergency heat source for unexpected delays. By deliberately limiting the duration of outdoor activity, owners can reliably protect their pets from the adverse effects of winter cold.

2. Providing Adequate Shelter

Providing adequate shelter is the most reliable method to protect a dog from winter chill. A well‑designed shelter maintains a stable interior temperature, shields the animal from wind, precipitation, and ground moisture, and offers a safe place for rest.

Key characteristics of an effective winter shelter:

Insulation - Use rigid foam board, straw, or thick plywood lined with reflective material. Insulation should be at least 2 inches thick to reduce heat loss.
Elevated floor - Raise the floor 6-12 inches above ground level with pallets or a wooden platform. Elevation prevents cold from seeping up from snow or damp soil.
Windbreak - Position the shelter against a natural wind barrier such as a fence, or attach a solid wall on the windward side. Openings should face away from prevailing winds.
Weather‑proof roof - Install a sloped, waterproof roof with overhangs that extend at least 6 inches beyond the walls to divert snow and rain.
Ventilation - Include a small adjustable vent near the roof to allow moist air to escape while retaining warmth. Proper ventilation prevents condensation, which can lower interior temperature.
Door flap - Fit a flexible door or curtain made of heavy fabric or rubber that seals against drafts when the dog is inside but can be opened easily for entry and exit.

Additional considerations:

Size the shelter so the dog can turn around comfortably but not so large that excess space creates cold pockets. A snug fit conserves body heat.
Place bedding such as straw, hay, or a thermal pad inside. Replace damp bedding daily to avoid heat loss through moisture.
Locate the shelter in a protected area, ideally on a sunny side of the property, but not directly under trees where snow accumulation can block sunlight.
Regularly inspect the structure for cracks, gaps, or water leaks. Prompt repairs maintain thermal efficiency throughout the season.

By constructing a shelter that meets these specifications, owners eliminate the primary environmental factor that causes a dog to become cold, allowing the animal to maintain its core temperature even when external conditions are severe.

3. Dressing Your Dog Appropriately

3.1 Sweaters and Coats

Sweaters and coats are essential tools for maintaining a dog’s core temperature when ambient conditions drop below comfortable levels. Selecting the appropriate garment prevents hypothermia, reduces shivering, and supports joint health by keeping muscles warm.

Key considerations when choosing a dog sweater or coat:

Material - fleece offers lightweight insulation; wool provides superior warmth but may irritate sensitive skin; synthetic shells with reflective lining protect against wind and moisture.
Fit - the garment must cover the chest and back without restricting movement; measure from the base of the neck to the base of the tail and add 2‑3 cm for a snug yet flexible fit.
Closure system - Velcro strips allow quick adjustment; snap buttons prevent accidental opening; elastic cuffs keep cold air out while permitting leg motion.
Seasonal design - thin, breathable fabrics suit early autumn; padded, waterproof options are necessary for deep winter or snowy conditions.

Signs that a dog benefits from a sweater or coat include:

Persistent shivering despite activity.
Seeking warm surfaces or curling tightly to conserve heat.
Pale, cold ears or paws.
Reluctance to go outside when temperature falls below the breed‑specific tolerance threshold.

Implementing a garment strategy involves:

Observing the dog’s behavior during the first cold exposure.
Trying a lightweight sweater for a short walk; monitor for signs of comfort or restriction.
Upgrading to a insulated coat if shivering continues or wind chill intensifies.
Ensuring the dog can move freely, urinate, and defecate without removal.

Regular inspection of seams, fasteners, and fabric integrity prevents irritation and maintains effectiveness throughout the winter season. Properly fitted garments, combined with attentive observation, keep dogs comfortable and safe when temperatures plunge.

3.2 Paw Protection

Veterinary specialists observe that a dog’s paws provide the most immediate indication of thermal discomfort. Cold exposure often produces a noticeable reduction in surface temperature, causing the pads to feel firm rather than supple. Dogs may lift or scratch their feet, exhibit a reluctance to walk, or display visible reddening or pallor of the pads. Early detection relies on regular tactile assessment and visual inspection during outdoor activities.

Effective measures to safeguard paws against winter chill include:

Applying a protective balm or petroleum‑based wax to create a moisture barrier and prevent frostbite.
Fitting insulated booties that cover the pads and the area around the ankle, ensuring a snug but non‑restrictive fit.
Limiting exposure time on icy or salted surfaces; short, frequent walks reduce cumulative cold stress.
Rinsing paws with lukewarm water after each outing, then drying thoroughly to remove ice crystals and de‑icing chemicals.
Trimming excess hair between the toes to improve air circulation and reduce moisture accumulation.

Monitoring paw condition after each walk and implementing these protective steps minimize the risk of cold‑induced injury and maintain overall comfort during winter months.

4. Ensuring Proper Nutrition and Hydration

Proper nutrition and adequate water intake are critical for a dog’s ability to maintain core temperature during winter exposure. An animal with sufficient caloric reserves generates heat more efficiently, while dehydration impairs circulation and reduces warmth distribution.

Key dietary considerations:

Provide calories above the dog’s normal maintenance level; increase portions by 10‑20 % when outdoor temperatures drop below freezing.
Emphasize high‑quality protein to support muscle mass, which acts as insulation.
Include healthy fats (e.g., fish oil, chicken fat) because they supply the most energy per gram and produce internal heat during metabolism.
Supply micronutrients such as vitamin E and selenium to preserve skin integrity and prevent heat loss through compromised fur.

Hydration guidelines:

Offer fresh water several times daily; cold weather can diminish a dog’s drinking instinct, so monitor bowl levels.
Add a small amount of warm broth to encourage intake if the dog shows reluctance.
Check for dehydration signs-dry gums, reduced skin elasticity, lethargy-and address immediately, as fluid loss accelerates heat loss.

Nutrition and hydration directly influence observable cold‑related signs. Dogs with inadequate calories often display persistent shivering, reduced activity, and a cold‑to‑the‑touch muzzle. Dehydrated dogs may exhibit pale gums and a slowed heart rate, both of which can mask other indicators of hypothermia. Maintaining a robust diet and consistent water supply helps prevent these ambiguous symptoms and provides a reliable baseline when assessing whether a dog is suffering from cold stress.

When to Seek Veterinary Attention

1. Hypothermia Symptoms

When temperatures drop, a dog’s core temperature can fall below the safe range, leading to hypothermia. Recognizing the early signs prevents progression to a life‑threatening state.

Persistent shivering or trembling that does not subside with movement
Lethargy or unwillingness to walk, often appearing “listless”
Weakness in the limbs, stumbling, or difficulty rising from a lying position
Pale, bluish, or grayish gums and tongue, indicating reduced circulation
Slow, shallow breathing or irregular respiratory pattern
Decreased heart rate, sometimes accompanied by a weak pulse detectable at the femoral artery
Cold, stiff extremities; the skin may feel unusually cool to the touch
Disorientation or apparent confusion, manifested by a lack of response to commands

If several of these indicators appear, the dog is likely experiencing hypothermia and requires immediate warming measures and veterinary attention. Monitoring body temperature with a rectal thermometer (normal range 101-102.5 °F / 38.3-39.2 °C) provides an objective confirmation. Prompt intervention-gradual warming, insulated shelter, and professional care-reduces the risk of severe complications.

2. Frostbite Signs

Frostbite manifests quickly in dogs exposed to sub‑zero temperatures. The first indication is skin discoloration; affected areas turn pale, gray, or bluish, and may later develop a waxy, white appearance. The tissue becomes hard to the touch, losing its normal pliability. Loss of sensation follows, so the dog does not react when the area is pressed or brushed. Swelling may accompany the cold injury, especially around ears, paws, and the tail, creating a visibly enlarged or puffy look. In severe cases, blisters form, filled with clear fluid or blood, and the surface may crack or ulcerate.

Pale or bluish skin, especially on ears, paws, and tail
Rigid, cold tissue that feels hard compared with surrounding fur
Absence of pain response when the area is touched
Swelling or puffiness around the affected region
Formation of blisters or cracked skin

If any of these signs appear, remove the dog from the cold environment immediately, warm the affected limbs gradually with lukewarm (not hot) water, and seek veterinary care without delay. Early detection prevents tissue damage and improves recovery prospects.