Instruction: what to do if a dog has a heatstroke: a minute-by-minute guide.

Recognizing Heatstroke

Early Signs

Early detection of heatstroke hinges on recognizing subtle physiological changes before the condition escalates. Observe the dog’s behavior and physical state continuously, especially during high temperatures or vigorous activity.

Rapid, shallow breathing that exceeds normal panting rate
Bright red or unusually pale gums when the mouth is opened
Excessive drooling or a dry, sticky tongue
Disorientation, stumbling, or inability to stand steadily
Uncharacteristic lethargy, reluctance to move, or sudden collapse
Elevated body temperature above 104 °F (40 °C), measurable with a rectal thermometer
Skin that feels unusually warm to the touch, particularly on the abdomen and inner thighs

Each sign signals a failure of the dog’s thermoregulatory mechanisms. Prompt identification allows immediate intervention, preventing progression to organ failure. Continuous monitoring and swift response are essential components of an effective minute‑by‑minute emergency protocol.

Severe Symptoms

When a dog progresses from mild overheating to a critical state, symptoms become unmistakable and require immediate intervention.

Collapse or inability to stand
Profuse panting that does not subside with shade
Bright red or pale gums, sometimes accompanied by a rapid heartbeat detectable at the femoral pulse
Vomiting or diarrhea, often containing blood
Seizure activity or uncontrolled muscle tremors
Unconsciousness or a glazed, unresponsive stare
Extremely high rectal temperature (above 105 °F / 40.5 °C)

Each of these signs signals that the animal’s thermoregulatory mechanisms have failed, and cellular damage is accelerating. Delay beyond the minute you observe any of these indicators dramatically reduces the chance of recovery. Immediate cooling, fluid therapy, and transport to an emergency clinic are non‑negotiable steps.

Immediate Actions (Minute 0-5)

1. Move to a Cooler Area

As a veterinary professional, I advise immediate relocation of an overheated dog to a cooler environment. The first minute is critical: identify signs such as rapid breathing, bright red gums, or collapse, then lift the animal gently and carry it away from direct sunlight.

Within the next 30 seconds, place the dog on a shaded surface-under a tree, beneath a canopy, or inside a well‑ventilated room with a fan. If shade is unavailable, lay a damp towel on the ground and position the dog on it to promote conductive heat loss.

From the 1‑minute mark onward, maintain airflow around the animal. Open windows, use a low‑speed fan, or position the dog near an air‑conditioned vent, ensuring the breeze does not directly blow on the face to avoid respiratory irritation.

If ambient temperature remains high, introduce additional cooling layers: wet the dog’s neck, chest, and paws with cool (not icy) water, then continue to monitor core temperature. Replace the towel with a fresh, damp one every two minutes to sustain evaporative cooling.

Throughout the process, avoid sudden temperature shocks; do not immerse the dog in ice water, as this can cause vasoconstriction and worsen internal heat retention. Instead, aim for a gradual reduction of body heat, targeting a drop of 1-2 °F (0.5-1 °C) every five minutes.

Continue to assess vital signs. If the dog’s condition does not improve within ten minutes-persistent panting, disorientation, or weak pulse-seek veterinary emergency care immediately.

2. Apply Cool Water

As a veterinary professional, I advise that the second critical step in managing a canine heat emergency is the controlled application of cool water.

Prepare a supply of water at 70‑75 °F (21‑24 °C). Ice‑cold water can trigger peripheral vasoconstriction and worsen internal overheating.
Use a clean hose, bucket, or spray bottle to wet the dog’s neck, inner thighs, groin, and paw pads. These areas contain large blood vessels that facilitate rapid heat loss.
Apply water in a gentle stream or with a damp cloth, avoiding forceful pressure that may cause stress.
Re‑wet the skin every 2-3 minutes, allowing excess water to drip off before the next application. This rhythm maintains a steady cooling effect without saturating fur.
Monitor the animal’s rectal temperature with a digital thermometer. Continue the cool‑water regimen until the reading falls to 103 °F (39.5 °C) or lower.
If the temperature plateaus above the target after 10 minutes, replace the water with lukewarm (90‑95 °F/32‑35 °C) fluid to prevent shock while still promoting heat dissipation.
Throughout the process, keep the dog in a shaded, well‑ventilated area and observe for signs of improvement: reduced panting, slower heart rate, and steadier gait.

The objective of this step is to lower core temperature efficiently while minimizing the risk of circulatory collapse. Prompt, measured cooling buys essential time for veterinary intervention.

3. Offer Water

When a dog shows signs of heatstroke, immediate hydration can prevent further temperature rise and support circulation. Offer water in small, controlled amounts to avoid gastric distension and vomiting.

At the 0‑minute mark, place a shallow bowl of cool (not icy) water within easy reach. Do not force the animal to drink; allow it to approach voluntarily.
Between 1 and 3 minutes, gently encourage licking by wetting the muzzle with a damp cloth. This stimulates the swallowing reflex without overwhelming the stomach.
At 4 minutes, if the dog drinks voluntarily, limit each sip to no more than 5 ml per kilogram of body weight. Pause for 30 seconds between sips to assess tolerance.
Between 5 and 7 minutes, repeat the wet‑muzzle technique if intake slows. Monitor for signs of regurgitation or coughing.
At 8 minutes, if the animal accepts water steadily, increase the volume incrementally by 10 ml per kilogram, still observing for any distress.
Continue the pattern of small, frequent sips every 2‑3 minutes until the dog’s temperature begins to decline toward normal ranges and the tongue appears moist rather than dry.

Throughout the process, keep the water temperature between 10 °C and 15 °C. Ice‑cold water can cause shock, while lukewarm fluid fails to dissipate heat efficiently. If the dog refuses water after repeated attempts, proceed to the next step of the emergency protocol without delay.

Subsequent Actions (Minute 5-15)

1. Continue Cooling

When a dog shows signs of heatstroke, the initial cooling must be sustained until core temperature falls below 103 °F (39.4 °C). Continue the cooling process with the following minute‑by‑minute actions:

Minute 1‑5: Apply cool (not ice‑cold) water to the neck, chest, and inner thighs. Use a hose, wet towels, or a low‑pressure spray. Replace saturated towels with fresh, damp ones every two minutes. Monitor the dog’s breathing; shallow, rapid breaths indicate ongoing distress.
Minute 6‑10: Maintain water application while gently fanning the animal to promote evaporative cooling. Keep the environment shaded; move the dog away from direct sunlight. Check the rectal temperature every two minutes; if it remains above 103 °F, continue the cooling cycle.
Minute 11‑15: If temperature declines slowly, increase the frequency of towel changes to one per minute. Introduce a fan or portable air‑circulator set on low speed, ensuring airflow does not directly hit the face. Verify that the dog’s tongue is pink, not pale or dark.
Minute 16‑20: Once the temperature reaches 103 °F or lower, reduce water flow to a gentle mist. Continue fanning for another five minutes to stabilize the drop. Offer small amounts of cool, plain water (one ounce per pound of body weight) only if the dog can swallow without gagging.
Minute 21‑30: Observe for signs of improvement-normalized heart rate, steady breathing, and alertness. Maintain a cool environment (room temperature 70‑75 °F). If the dog’s temperature rebounds above 103 °F, repeat the cooling cycle from minute 1.

Throughout the entire period, avoid ice packs on the paws or abdomen, as extreme cold can cause tissue damage. Keep the dog’s head elevated slightly to ease breathing, but do not restrain movement that could increase stress. If the temperature does not fall within 30 minutes, seek veterinary assistance immediately.

2. Monitor Vital Signs

When a dog shows signs of heatstroke, continuous assessment of vital signs determines the urgency of interventions. Begin monitoring at the moment the dog is removed from the heat source and continue each minute for the first ten minutes, then every five minutes until normal values return.

Respiratory rate - Count breaths for 15 seconds, multiply by four. Normal range: 10‑30 breaths per minute. Rates above 40 indicate severe distress; increase oxygen support or calm the animal immediately.
Heart rate - Place a hand over the left chest or use a stethoscope. Typical range: 60‑140 beats per minute depending on size and breed. Rates exceeding 200 suggest impending cardiac failure; prepare emergency transport.
Body temperature - Insert a digital rectal thermometer. Target: 38.5‑39.5 °C (101.3‑103.1 °F). Values above 41 °C (105.8 °F) require rapid cooling (cold water immersion) and veterinary attention.
Mucous membrane color - Observe gums. Pink indicates adequate perfusion; pale, gray, or cyanotic gums signal hypoxia and demand immediate fluid therapy.
Capillary refill time (CRT) - Press a gum surface until it blanches, release, and count seconds to color return. Normal CRT ≤ 2 seconds. Longer times reveal circulatory compromise; initiate intravenous fluids.

Record each measurement with a timestamp. If any parameter deviates from normal limits, adjust cooling methods, administer fluids, and contact a veterinarian without delay. Consistent documentation provides the clinician with a clear trend, facilitating rapid decision‑making and improving survival odds.

3. Prepare for Transport

When the dog’s temperature begins to drop and breathing steadies, immediate focus shifts to safe transport to veterinary care. The goal is to maintain cooling, prevent shock, and avoid additional stress.

Secure a sturdy carrier or crate that fits the animal comfortably; line it with cool, damp towels to preserve surface chill.
Prepare a portable cooling pack or ice‑wrapped bag; place it against the dog’s neck, groin, and under the belly, ensuring the pack does not touch the skin directly to prevent frostbite.
Gather a leash or harness that allows gentle control without restricting airflow; attach a quick‑release clasp for rapid removal if needed.
Fill a travel bag with emergency supplies: isotonic electrolyte solution, a syringe for fluid administration, a thermometer for ongoing checks, and a copy of the dog’s medical records.
Keep a phone number for the nearest emergency veterinary clinic within easy reach; confirm the clinic’s operating hours and any specific arrival instructions.

Load the dog calmly, supporting its body to avoid sudden movements that could exacerbate internal injury. Close the carrier, but leave a small ventilation gap to allow heat exchange. Begin the journey immediately, monitoring temperature every two minutes and applying additional cooling packs if the reading rises above 104 °F (40 °C). If the dog shows signs of worsening-rapid pulse, pale gums, or collapse-stop, administer a small amount of cool water via syringe, and contact the veterinarian for further guidance.

Maintain a steady, smooth drive to minimize vibration. Upon arrival, hand over the cooling equipment and recorded observations to the veterinary team, allowing them to continue precise treatment without delay.

Veterinary Care (Minute 15+)

1. Transport to Vet

When a dog shows signs of heatstroke, swift and organized transport to a veterinary clinic can be the difference between recovery and fatality. The following minute‑by‑minute protocol assumes the animal has already received immediate first‑aid measures (cooling, hydration) and now requires professional intervention.

Minute 0-1: Assess the dog's condition. Verify breathing rate, pulse, and mental status. Record temperature if possible. This baseline informs the veterinarian upon arrival.
Minute 1-2: Gather essential items: a portable carrier or sturdy crate, a blanket soaked in cool water, a thermometer, and a copy of the dog's medical history (including recent medications and known allergies).
Minute 2-3: Stabilize the dog for movement. Place the animal gently on the blanket, cover with a second dry towel to prevent shock, and keep the head slightly elevated to aid breathing.
Minute 3-4: Load the dog into the carrier. Secure the animal to prevent slipping, but avoid excessive restraint that could raise stress levels.
Minute 4-5: Prepare the vehicle interior. Lower windows slightly for airflow, ensure the climate control is set to a cool, not cold, temperature (approximately 20 °C/68 °F). Avoid direct air blasts on the dog’s face.
Minute 5-6: Begin the drive. Maintain a steady speed to reduce vibrations. Continuously monitor the dog’s breathing and pulse; if deterioration occurs, be prepared to stop, reassess, and possibly call the clinic for updated instructions.
Minute 6-10: En route, re‑apply cool, damp cloths to the neck, paws, and groin every two minutes. Do not submerge the dog in water; excessive cooling can trigger cardiac arrhythmias.
Minute 10-15: Upon reaching the clinic, alert the veterinary team that a heat‑stressed dog is arriving, specifying the elapsed time since onset and any interventions performed. Transfer the dog from the carrier to a prepared examination table, maintaining cooling measures until the veterinarian assumes care.

Adhering to this precise timeline minimizes the risk of organ damage and maximizes the likelihood of full recovery.

2. Information for the Vet

When a dog shows signs of heatstroke, the veterinarian needs a precise snapshot of the incident and any immediate care. Provide the following information without delay:

Exact time the dog was first noticed overheating. Record minutes from onset to the first intervention.
Ambient temperature, humidity, and whether the dog was in direct sunlight or a confined space.
Breed, age, weight, and any known health conditions (cardiac, respiratory, endocrine disorders).
Recent activity level: duration and intensity of exercise, exposure to hot surfaces, and water intake before the event.
Symptoms observed: panting rate (breaths per minute), drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, collapse, or altered mental status.
First‑aid measures applied: cooling methods used (ice packs, wet towels, evaporative cooling), duration of each method, and any fluids administered orally or intravenously.
Vital signs measured on site, if possible: rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, mucous membrane color, capillary refill time.
Medications given before arrival, including dosage and timing (e.g., antipyretics, antiemetics, electrolyte solutions).
Any obstacles encountered: difficulty removing the dog from the heat source, limited access to water, or delayed transport.

Summarize the timeline in a concise narrative: “Dog began panting excessively at 14:05 h; temperature measured at 41.5 °C at 14:12 h; owner applied wet towels for 5 minutes, then ice packs for 3 minutes; oral water offered at 14:20 h; no vomiting observed; transport to clinic began at 14:30 h, arrival at 14:45 h.” This format enables the veterinary team to assess the severity, prioritize interventions, and anticipate potential complications such as coagulopathy, renal failure, or cerebral edema.

3. Post-Treatment Care

After emergency cooling and veterinary assessment, the recovery phase demands precise, continuous attention.

Maintain a stable, cool environment. Keep the room temperature between 68‑72 °F (20‑22 °C). Use fans or air‑conditioning, but avoid direct drafts on the dog’s skin.

Hydration is critical. Offer small amounts of lukewarm water every 5‑10 minutes-no more than a few ounces at a time-to prevent regurgitation. If the dog accepts, introduce an electrolyte solution formulated for pets after the first hour.

Monitor core temperature. Use a rectal thermometer every 15 minutes for the first two hours, then every hour until it stabilises within the normal range (101‑102.5 °F / 38.3‑39.2 °C). Record each reading to share with the veterinarian.

Observe respiratory and cardiac signs. Watch for rapid breathing, irregular heartbeat, or coughing. Any deviation from baseline warrants immediate veterinary contact.

Nutrition should resume gradually. After the first 2‑3 hours, provide a bland, easily digestible meal-boiled chicken and rice in a 1:1 ratio-at a quarter of the usual portion. Increase the amount incrementally over the next 24 hours if the dog tolerates it without vomiting.

Limit physical activity. Enforce strict rest for at least 48 hours. Avoid stairs, jumps, and outdoor exposure.

Administer prescribed medications exactly as directed. Note the time of each dose and any observed side effects.

Schedule a follow‑up appointment within 24‑48 hours. Bring temperature logs, medication records, and a list of observed symptoms.

The final checklist for the first 24 hours:

Room temperature controlled, no direct airflow on the dog.
Small, frequent water intake; transition to electrolyte solution after 1 hour.
Rectal temperature recorded every 15 minutes (first 2 hours) then hourly.
Respiratory and cardiac patterns observed continuously.
Bland diet introduced after 2‑3 hours, portion increased gradually.
Complete physical rest, no outdoor or vigorous activity.
Medications administered on schedule, side effects noted.
Veterinary follow‑up arranged, documentation prepared.

Adherence to these steps maximises recovery speed and reduces the risk of relapse.

Prevention

Environmental Control

When a dog shows signs of heatstroke, the first priority is to modify the surrounding conditions so the animal can cool safely.

Minute 0-1 - Remove the dog from direct sunlight or a hot interior. Place it on a shaded surface or in an air‑conditioned room where ambient temperature is below 24 °C (75 °F).

Minute 1-3 - Lower humidity. Open windows, run a dehumidifier, or use a fan set on low to circulate air without creating a wind chill that could cause stress.

Minute 3-5 - Apply cool, not icy, water to the skin. Use a damp towel or a gentle spray of lukewarm water (20-22 °C). Avoid submerging the dog in cold water, which can trigger shock.

Minute 5-7 - Continue airflow. Position a fan to blow across the damp towel, enhancing evaporative cooling while keeping the airflow gentle.

Minute 7-10 - Monitor temperature. Use a rectal thermometer to check core temperature every two minutes. If the reading remains above 40 °C (104 °F), repeat the cooling cycle: replace the towel with a fresh one, keep airflow constant, and maintain a cool ambient environment.

Minute 10 onward - Maintain a stable environment. Keep the room temperature steady, humidity low, and airflow moderate until the dog’s temperature falls below 39 °C (102 °F) and normal behavior resumes.

Key environmental actions

Relocate to shade or air‑conditioned space immediately.
Reduce humidity with ventilation or dehumidification.
Provide gentle, continuous airflow.
Use cool, moist cloths; avoid ice‑cold water.
Track core temperature at regular intervals.

Consistent control of temperature, humidity, and airflow prevents the progression of heatstroke and supports the dog’s physiological recovery. Immediate, precise environmental adjustments are as critical as any medical intervention.

Exercise Precautions

When a dog exhibits any indication of heatstroke, stop all physical activity instantly. Continuing exercise accelerates core temperature rise and worsens organ damage.

Remove the animal from the hot environment within the first minute.
Place the dog on a shaded, well‑ventilated surface; avoid direct sunlight.
Begin gentle cooling measures (wet towels, cool water mist) while monitoring respiratory rate.

Within the next two minutes, assess the dog’s gait and stamina. If the animal attempts to resume movement, intervene immediately. Do not allow walking, running, or any form of strenuous play. Even short bursts of activity can trigger a rapid temperature increase.

From minute three to five, maintain a low‑stress environment. Keep the dog’s head elevated slightly to facilitate breathing. Provide small amounts of cool (not ice‑cold) water every few minutes; large volumes can induce vomiting and compromise cooling efficiency.

During minutes six through ten, continue passive cooling. Replace wet towels with fresh, damp cloths if they become dry. Do not use fans directly on the dog; airflow should be indirect to prevent shock. Ensure the animal remains stationary; any attempt to stand or walk must be restrained gently but firmly.

After ten minutes, re‑evaluate core temperature with a rectal thermometer. If the reading remains above 104 °F (40 °C), repeat the cooling cycle in two‑minute intervals while maintaining the same exercise restrictions. Only when temperature falls below the safe threshold should controlled, minimal movement be introduced for short periods, under close observation.

Throughout the entire response, avoid any form of exercise, play, or training. The priority is stabilization, not activity. Immediate cessation of exertion, combined with systematic cooling, offers the best chance of preventing irreversible damage.

Hydration

When a dog shows signs of heatstroke, the first minute should focus on restoring fluid balance. Begin by offering cool, clean water in small, frequent sips; large gulps can trigger vomiting. Use a syringe or dropper if the animal will not drink voluntarily, delivering 5 ml every 15 seconds until the mouth is moist.

If the dog tolerates water, supplement with an electrolyte solution formulated for pets. Mix one teaspoon of unflavored oral rehydration powder in 250 ml of lukewarm water and present the mixture in the same incremental fashion. Monitor for signs of improvement-moist gums, reduced rapid breathing, and steadier heart rate.

Should the dog refuse fluids after the initial two minutes, gently wipe the tongue and inner cheeks with a damp cloth soaked in the same electrolyte solution. This external method can stimulate a swallowing reflex and prevent further dehydration while you prepare for veterinary transport.

Continue the hydration protocol minute by minute:

Minute 3-5: Assess tongue color and capillary refill; if still pale, repeat small water sips.
Minute 6-10: Introduce electrolyte mixture; maintain the 5 ml per 15 seconds rhythm.
Minute 11-15: Check for any signs of diarrhea or excessive urination; adjust fluid volume accordingly.
Minute 16 onward: Keep the dog in a shaded, well‑ventilated area; continue low‑volume fluid administration until professional care is reached.

Throughout the process, avoid ice‑cold water, which can cause gastric shock, and never force large volumes at once. Prompt, controlled rehydration stabilizes circulation, reduces core temperature, and buys critical time for definitive medical treatment.