Instruction: why a dog's eyes are watering and how to treat it.

Introduction

Understanding Normal Eye Function

As a veterinary ophthalmologist, I explain that a healthy canine eye maintains clear vision through a precisely regulated tear film, corneal integrity, and efficient drainage. The tear film consists of three layers-lipid, aqueous, and mucin-that together lubricate the surface, supply nutrients, and protect against pathogens. The cornea remains transparent because epithelial cells turnover rapidly and are supplied by the tear film’s nutrients. Excess fluid is removed via the nasolacrimal duct, preventing accumulation on the ocular surface.

Key physiological components include:

Lacrimal glands producing the aqueous layer.
Meibomian glands secreting the lipid layer to reduce evaporation.
Conjunctival goblet cells generating mucin for surface adhesion.
Blink reflex distributing the tear film evenly.
Nasolacrimal drainage system clearing surplus fluid.

When any of these elements malfunction, tear overflow becomes evident. For example, inflammation of the lacrimal glands can increase aqueous production, while obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct impedes drainage, leading to visible watering. Understanding these normal mechanisms allows clinicians to differentiate physiological tear production from pathological discharge and to target treatment appropriately.

Anatomy of a Dog's Eye

The canine eye is a compact, highly organized organ designed for precise visual processing and protection. Each component contributes to clarity, focus, and tear regulation, which directly influences the propensity for ocular discharge.

The outermost layer, the cornea, provides a transparent barrier that refracts light and shields internal structures. It is continuous with the sclera, a dense fibrous tissue that maintains shape and offers attachment points for ocular muscles. The iris surrounds the pupil, controlling the amount of light entering the eye by expanding or contracting the circular aperture. Behind the iris, the lens fine‑tunes focus, adjusting curvature to accommodate near and distant objects.

Posterior to the lens lies the retina, a multilayered sensory surface populated by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into neural signals. These signals travel via the optic nerve to the brain for image interpretation. The choroid supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina, while the vitreous humor, a gelatinous substance, fills the eye’s interior, maintaining pressure and optical stability.

Tear production and drainage involve several specialized structures:

Lacrimal gland: secretes the aqueous component of the tear film, providing lubrication and antimicrobial proteins.
Third eyelid (nictitating membrane): a translucent fold that spreads tears across the corneal surface during blinking.
Meibomian glands: embedded in the eyelid margins, release lipids that prevent tear evaporation.
Puncta: tiny openings at the inner eyelid corners that channel tears into the nasolacrimal duct.
Nasolacrimal duct: conveys excess fluid to the nasal cavity, where it is reabsorbed or expelled.

The tear film consists of three layers-lipid, aqueous, and mucin-each essential for ocular health. Disruption of any layer, obstruction of drainage pathways, or inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus can lead to excessive tearing, known medically as epiphora. Understanding the precise anatomy of these structures enables accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of watery eyes in dogs.

Common Causes of Watering Eyes

Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions are a frequent cause of ocular discharge in dogs. Environmental allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, and chemical irritants can trigger inflammation of the conjunctiva, leading to excess tearing. Food allergens, including beef, chicken, dairy, or grain proteins, may also provoke systemic hypersensitivity that manifests in the eyes. Parasites like fleas or mites release antigens that exacerbate the condition, especially in breeds predisposed to atopic dermatitis.

The pathophysiology involves mast‑cell degranulation, histamine release, and subsequent vasodilation of ocular vessels. This process increases tear production and may accompany erythema, swelling, and pruritus around the periocular region. Persistent watery eyes without infection suggest a non‑infectious, immune‑mediated origin.

Effective management requires a multi‑step approach:

Identify and eliminate the allergen whenever possible; rotate bedding, use air purifiers, and avoid scented cleaners.
Conduct a dietary trial with a limited‑ingredient or hydrolyzed protein formula for at least eight weeks to assess food‑related triggers.
Administer antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine or diphenhydramine) or mast‑cell stabilizers (e.g., cromolyn eye drops) to reduce histamine effects.
Consider short‑course oral corticosteroids for severe flare‑ups, under veterinary supervision, to control inflammation quickly.
Implement regular flea control with topical or oral products to remove parasite‑derived antigens.
Use artificial tear substitutes to soothe the ocular surface and prevent secondary irritation.

Monitoring is essential. Record changes in tear volume, eye redness, and any accompanying skin lesions. If symptoms persist despite allergen avoidance and medical therapy, referral to a veterinary dermatologist for advanced testing, such as intradermal allergy testing or serum IgE assays, is warranted. Early intervention minimizes the risk of chronic conjunctivitis and protects visual health.

Environmental Irritants

Dogs often develop excessive tearing when exposed to airborne or surface pollutants. Common environmental irritants include pollen, dust, smoke, mold spores, chemical cleaners, and aerosolized fragrances. These particles contact the ocular surface, disrupt the tear film, and trigger reflex lacrimation.

Identifying irritant‑related tearing requires observation of the dog’s surroundings. If symptoms appear after walks in grassy fields, visits to homes with recent painting, or use of scented detergents, the environment is likely contributing. Clinical examination may reveal conjunctival redness, mild swelling, or discharge without signs of infection.

Management focuses on removal of the offending agent and protection of the ocular surface. Recommended steps:

Eliminate exposure: keep the dog away from areas with heavy pollen, avoid smoking indoors, and store cleaning products out of reach.
Clean the ocular area: gently wipe excess tears with a sterile, damp gauze to prevent crust formation.
Use protective eyewear: for dogs that work outdoors or are prone to irritant contact, fit lightweight goggles during high‑risk activities.
Apply lubricating drops: preservative‑free artificial tears restore tear film stability and reduce reflex tearing.
Conduct environmental control: employ HEPA filters, maintain low humidity to limit mold growth, and vacuum regularly to reduce dust accumulation.

If tearing persists despite environmental adjustments, veterinary assessment is necessary to rule out infection, allergies, or anatomical abnormalities. Targeted therapy may involve anti‑inflammatory eye drops, antihistamines, or surgical correction of structural issues. Continuous monitoring ensures that the chosen interventions effectively reduce ocular irritation and maintain the dog’s comfort.

Corneal Issues

Scratches and Abrasions

Watery eyes in a dog often signal irritation of the ocular surface or surrounding tissues. When a dog suffers a scratch or abrasion on the muzzle, eyelid, or near the tear duct, the inflammatory response can increase tear production as a protective mechanism. Small lacerations expose nerve endings, triggering reflex lacrimation, while larger abrasions may disrupt the normal drainage pathways, leading to overflow.

Inflammation from a cut releases cytokines that dilate blood vessels and attract immune cells. The resulting edema can compress the nasolacrimal canal, impeding tear outflow. Additionally, debris introduced by a wound may irritate the conjunctiva, further stimulating secretion. Clinically, the discharge is typically clear or mildly mucoid, without the purulent appearance seen in infection.

Effective management begins with a thorough assessment. Clean the area with a sterile saline solution, then disinfect with a mild antiseptic approved for veterinary use. Apply a topical ophthalmic ointment containing a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory agent to reduce swelling and soothe the tissue. If the abrasion extends to the cornea, a veterinary ophthalmologist should prescribe a specific corneal protectant and monitor for secondary infection.

Recommended treatment protocol:

Gently rinse the wound with sterile saline.
Apply a veterinary‑approved antiseptic (e.g., chlorhexidine at 0.05%).
Administer a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory ophthalmic ointment twice daily.
Use an Elizabethan collar to prevent self‑trauma.
Re‑evaluate after 48 hours; if tearing persists or signs of infection appear, seek professional care.

Preventive measures include keeping the dog's environment free of sharp objects, trimming facial hair that can trap debris, and regular inspection after outdoor activities. Prompt attention to scratches and abrasions minimizes ocular irritation and restores normal tear dynamics.

Ulcers

Ulcerative lesions on the eye surface are a common source of excessive tearing in dogs. When the cornea or conjunctiva is breached, the exposed tissue triggers an inflammatory response that stimulates lacrimal glands to produce fluid, resulting in a visibly watery appearance.

The most frequent ocular ulcer in canines is a corneal ulcer, which may develop after trauma, foreign bodies, or infection. Conjunctival ulcers, though less common, arise from severe irritation or allergic reactions and similarly provoke epiphora.

Key clinical indicators of an ocular ulcer include:

Localized redness and swelling
Visible defect or opacity on the corneal surface
Increased discharge that may be clear, mucoid, or purulent
Pain on palpation, often causing the dog to blink or rub the eye

Accurate diagnosis requires a thorough ophthalmic examination, typically performed with a fluorescein stain to highlight the ulcerated area. The stain adheres to damaged epithelium, producing a bright green outline that delineates the lesion’s size and depth.

Effective management follows a structured protocol:

Stabilization - Apply a topical antibiotic to prevent secondary bacterial infection and a preservative‑free artificial tear to maintain moisture.
Pain control - Administer systemic non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or short‑acting opioids as needed.
Ulcer protection - Use a therapeutic contact lens or a silicone‑based ocular bandage to shield the lesion from mechanical irritation.
Healing promotion - Introduce a topical antimicrobial‑cycloplegic agent (e.g., moxifloxacin with atropine) to reduce inflammation and support epithelial regeneration.
Monitoring - Re‑evaluate the eye every 24-48 hours; adjust treatment based on healing progress, and consider surgical debridement or keratectomy for deep or non‑healing ulcers.

If left untreated, ocular ulcers can progress to stromal melting, perforation, or permanent vision loss. Prompt identification and adherence to the treatment regimen are essential to restore ocular integrity and eliminate excessive tearing.

Eyelid Abnormalities

Entropion

Entropion is a congenital or acquired eyelid malformation in which the eyelid margin rolls inward, causing the eyelashes and skin to brush against the cornea. The mechanical irritation triggers excessive tear production, chronic ocular discharge, and a heightened risk of corneal ulceration. Most commonly affected breeds include Shar-Pei, Pug, and Chow Chow, but the condition can appear in any dog.

Clinical signs develop gradually: persistent tearing, mucous‑laden discharge, reddened conjunctiva, and frequent pawing at the eye. In advanced cases, corneal opacity or ulceration may be evident. A thorough ophthalmic examination-visual inspection, fluorescein staining, and Schirmer tear test-confirms the diagnosis and assesses corneal health.

Treatment options fall into two categories:

Medical management
- Topical lubricants to protect the cornea.
- Broad‑spectrum antibiotic ointments for secondary infections.
- Anti‑inflammatory drops to reduce conjunctival swelling.
- Temporary eyelid tacking sutures to relieve irritation while awaiting surgery.
Surgical correction
- Substituting the eyelid margin with a short‑term “tacking” procedure (temporary) or a permanent “lateral canthoplasty” (permanent).
- Removing a strip of skin and muscle (partial ectropion) to reposition the eyelid.
- Performing the operation under general anesthesia, followed by postoperative analgesia and antibiotics.

Success rates for corrective surgery exceed 90 % when performed by a board‑certified veterinary ophthalmologist. Postoperative care includes a short course of topical antibiotics, protective Elizabethan collars, and regular re‑examination to monitor wound healing and tear production.

Early identification of entropion prevents chronic discomfort and preserves visual function. Owners should seek veterinary evaluation at the first sign of persistent tearing to initiate appropriate therapy promptly.

Ectropion

Ectropion, the outward turning of the eyelid margin, directly exposes the conjunctiva and cornea to air, debris, and irritants. This exposure disrupts the normal tear film, prompting the lacrimal glands to produce excess fluid as a protective response. The resulting epiphora appears as constant or intermittent tearing, often accompanied by crusting along the lower lid and occasional conjunctival redness.

Pathophysiology

Laxity of the skin or facial muscles allows the eyelid to evert.
The exposed ocular surface loses moisture faster than normal.
Reflex tearing compensates for the increased evaporation.
Chronic irritation may lead to secondary infections or corneal ulceration if left untreated.

Diagnostic approach

Visual inspection of lid position and skin tension.
Palpation to assess tissue firmness.
Schirmer tear test to rule out concurrent dry eye.
Fluorescein staining to identify corneal lesions.

Therapeutic options

Conservative management: Regular cleaning with sterile saline, topical lubricants, and antimicrobial eye drops if bacterial colonization is evident. This regimen reduces irritation and prevents secondary infection but does not correct the anatomical defect.
Surgical correction: Lateral canthoplasty or eyelid tightening (mandibular or facial musculature adjustment) restores proper lid alignment. Post‑operative care includes temporary eye ointment, analgesia, and monitoring for wound dehiscence.
Adjunctive measures: Weight control in overweight breeds, avoidance of environmental allergens, and protective eyewear during extreme weather conditions can lessen symptom severity.

Prognosis

When performed by a qualified veterinary surgeon, ectropion repair yields a marked reduction in tearing within weeks and eliminates the risk of corneal damage. Non‑surgical care manages symptoms but may require lifelong maintenance.

Owners should monitor for signs of increased discharge, crust formation, or changes in eye appearance and seek veterinary evaluation promptly to prevent complications.

Distichiasis

Distichiasis is a common ocular disorder in dogs that directly contributes to excessive tearing. The condition involves an abnormal row of eyelashes emerging from the meibomian glands or other eyelid structures, causing mechanical irritation of the cornea and conjunctiva. Irritation triggers lacrimal gland hypersecretion, resulting in persistent epiphora.

Clinical signs include constant wetness around the eye, mucus discharge, frequent rubbing of the affected eye, and occasional corneal ulceration. The abnormal lashes are often visible upon close inspection, especially when the eyelid is everted. In advanced cases, secondary infections or scarring may develop, compromising vision.

Diagnosis relies on a thorough ophthalmic examination. The veterinarian will evert the eyelid, use a fluorescein stain to assess corneal integrity, and may employ a slit‑lamp or high‑magnification loupe to count and locate ectopic hairs. Differential diagnoses such as entropion, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and allergic keratoconjunctivitis must be excluded.

Treatment options focus on removing the offending hairs and preventing regrowth:

Electro‑cautery: applies a controlled current to ablate individual lashes; effective for limited numbers of hairs.
Cryotherapy: freezes the hair follicle, suitable for clusters of lashes.
Surgical excision: excises the abnormal follicular tissue; indicated when multiple rows are present.
Laser ablation: precise removal with minimal collateral damage; increasingly preferred for its speed and reduced inflammation.
Topical anti‑inflammatory medication: prescribed post‑procedure to control inflammation and promote healing.

Post‑treatment care includes daily cleaning of the ocular surface with sterile saline, administration of prescribed ophthalmic antibiotics or anti‑inflammatories, and regular re‑examination to detect recurrence. Early intervention prevents corneal damage and reduces chronic tearing, restoring ocular comfort and function.

Conjunctivitis

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common cause of excessive tearing in dogs. The infection inflames the conjunctival membrane, leading to serous discharge that appears as watery eyes. Typical signs include bilateral or unilateral redness, swelling of the eyelid margins, a thickened discharge that may become purulent, and frequent blinking or pawing at the eye.

Diagnosis relies on a thorough ocular examination. Veterinary assessment should include visual inspection, fluorescein staining to rule out corneal ulcers, and cytological evaluation of the discharge to identify bacterial organisms. Culture and sensitivity testing are advisable when initial therapy fails or when resistant strains are suspected.

Treatment protocol consists of the following steps:

Topical antibiotics - Apply ophthalmic ointment or drops containing fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides according to the veterinarian’s prescription. Administer every 4-6 hours for at least 7-10 days.
Anti‑inflammatory agents - Use a short course of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory eye drops to reduce edema and discomfort, unless contraindicated by ulceration.
Cleaning - Gently wipe away discharge with sterile saline or a warm, damp cloth before each medication application to improve drug penetration.
Systemic support - In severe cases, oral antibiotics such as doxycycline may be added to address deeper tissue involvement.
Follow‑up - Re‑examine the dog after 3-5 days to assess response; adjust therapy based on culture results if needed.

Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure to irritants and pathogens. Regular cleaning of the peri‑ocular area, prompt removal of foreign bodies, and vaccination against canine distemper and adenovirus reduce the risk of secondary bacterial infection. Maintaining a hygienic environment and avoiding contact with other infected animals further limit transmission.

Owners should monitor any recurrence of tearing, redness, or discharge and seek veterinary evaluation promptly, as untreated bacterial conjunctivitis can progress to keratitis or ulceration, compromising vision.

Viral Conjunctivitis

Viral conjunctivitis is a common cause of excessive tearing in dogs. The condition results from infection of the ocular surface by viruses such as canine adenovirus, canine herpesvirus, or canine distemper virus. Viral replication damages the conjunctival epithelium, leading to inflammation, increased tear production, and discharge that may appear clear or mucoid.

Clinical signs include bilateral or unilateral ocular discharge, redness of the conjunctiva, swelling of the eyelids, and occasional crusting around the eye margin. In severe cases, corneal involvement can cause opacity or ulceration, which threatens vision.

Diagnosis relies on a thorough ophthalmic examination, history of exposure to infected animals, and, when necessary, laboratory testing such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or viral culture from conjunctival swabs. Differentiating viral from bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis is essential because treatment strategies differ.

Management focuses on supportive care and antiviral therapy when indicated:

Clean the periocular area with sterile saline to remove crusts.
Apply artificial tears or lubricating ointments to maintain moisture and protect corneal epithelium.
Use topical antiviral agents (e.g., cidofovir) under veterinary supervision for confirmed viral infections.
Administer systemic antivirals (e.g., famciclovir) for herpesvirus involvement, especially in immunocompromised patients.
Avoid topical steroids unless prescribed, as they may exacerbate viral replication.
Monitor for secondary bacterial infection; introduce broad‑spectrum antibiotics only if bacterial growth is documented.

Prevention includes vaccination against canine adenovirus and distemper, minimizing exposure to infected dogs, and maintaining good hygiene in kennels and grooming areas. Regular veterinary check‑ups enable early detection and reduce the risk of complications such as corneal ulceration or chronic dry eye.

Owners should observe any change in tear volume, discharge character, or eye comfort and seek prompt veterinary evaluation. Early intervention limits tissue damage and promotes rapid recovery of normal ocular function.

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common cause of excessive tearing in dogs. The condition results from an immune‑mediated response to environmental allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, or chemicals. When the ocular surface encounters these substances, mast cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, leading to vascular dilation, increased mucus production, and irritation of the conjunctiva.

Typical clinical signs include bilateral or unilateral watery discharge, mild to moderate redness of the conjunctival tissue, and frequent blinking or pawing at the eyes. The discharge is usually clear and serous, distinguishing it from purulent exudate associated with bacterial infections. Secondary bacterial colonisation can occur if the ocular surface remains compromised for an extended period.

Diagnosis relies on a thorough ophthalmic examination, history of exposure to potential allergens, and exclusion of infectious agents through cytology or culture when necessary. A trial of antihistamine therapy often confirms the allergic nature of the inflammation.

Effective management combines pharmacologic and environmental strategies:

Antihistamine eye drops or systemic antihistamines to block histamine receptors and reduce inflammation.
Topical non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for additional control of swelling and discomfort.
Artificial tears or lubricating ointments to maintain corneal moisture and flush irritants.
Allergen avoidance by limiting outdoor exposure during high pollen periods, using air purifiers, and washing the dog’s face after walks in dusty environments.
Regular cleaning of the periocular area with a mild, non‑irritating solution to remove residual allergens.

In refractory cases, short courses of topical corticosteroids may be prescribed, but only under veterinary supervision due to the risk of increased intra‑ocular pressure and delayed wound healing. Immunotherapy (allergy shots or sublingual drops) can provide long‑term relief for dogs with confirmed specific allergen sensitivities.

Owners should monitor the dog's eyes for changes in discharge character, redness intensity, or signs of discomfort. Prompt veterinary assessment is essential if symptoms worsen or if there is evidence of corneal ulceration, as delayed treatment can lead to permanent visual impairment.

Tear Duct Problems

Blocked Tear Ducts

A blocked tear duct, medically known as nasolacrimal duct obstruction, is a common cause of excessive tearing in dogs. The duct normally carries tears from the ocular surface to the nasal cavity; when the passage narrows or becomes clogged, tears accumulate and overflow onto the face.

Typical reasons for obstruction include congenital narrowing of the duct, chronic inflammation from allergies or infections, debris such as hair or dust, and scar tissue following trauma or surgery. Dogs with brachycephalic skulls often exhibit a predisposition because the anatomical layout of their tear drainage system is inherently tighter.

Diagnosis requires a systematic approach. Visual inspection reveals a constant wetness around the eye, often accompanied by staining of the fur. A fluorescein dye test confirms blockage by tracking dye flow through the nasolacrimal system. In persistent cases, imaging or dacryocystorhinography may be employed to locate the exact site of obstruction.

Treatment options fall into three categories:

Conservative care
- Warm compresses applied twice daily to soften secretions.
- Gentle massage of the medial canthus to encourage drainage.
- Daily flushing of the duct with sterile saline using a blunt cannula.
Pharmacological intervention
- Topical antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infection.
- Anti‑inflammatory eye drops to reduce mucosal swelling.
- Lubricating drops to protect the cornea while the duct recovers.
Surgical correction
- Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) creates a new drainage pathway directly into the nasal cavity.
- Dacryocystectomy removes the obstructed portion of the duct when reconstruction is unsuitable.

Post‑treatment monitoring includes regular eye examinations, cleaning of tear stains, and avoidance of irritants that could provoke inflammation. Early identification and appropriate management of a blocked tear duct prevent chronic epiphora, reduce the risk of corneal damage, and improve the animal’s comfort.

Excessive Tear Production

Excessive tear production in dogs signals an underlying ocular or systemic issue that requires prompt evaluation. The lacrimal glands normally secrete a thin film to lubricate the cornea; when production surpasses drainage capacity, visible discharge accumulates.

Common causes include:

Conjunctival inflammation (allergies, irritants, foreign bodies)
Eyelid malformations such as entropion or ectropion that impede normal tear flow
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction often resulting from infection or trauma
Corneal ulcers or keratitis that stimulate reflex tearing
Breed‑related predispositions (e.g., Poodles, Bichon Frise) with over‑hanging eyes
Systemic disorders like hypothyroidism or autoimmune disease affecting tear regulation

Accurate diagnosis begins with a thorough physical examination, followed by:

Visual inspection of the ocular surface for redness, ulceration, or discharge characteristics.
Fluorescein staining to reveal corneal lesions.
Schirmer tear test to assess baseline tear production.
Dacryocystorhinography or probing to evaluate nasolacrimal duct patency when obstruction is suspected.

Treatment strategies depend on the identified etiology:

Topical anti‑inflammatory agents (e.g., corticosteroid or cyclosporine eye drops) for conjunctivitis or allergic reactions.
Antibiotic ointments when bacterial infection accompanies the discharge.
Surgical correction of eyelid defects (entropion/ectropion) to restore proper tear drainage.
Nasolacrimal duct flushing or intubation to relieve blockages.
Systemic therapy (thyroid hormone replacement, immunosuppressants) for underlying metabolic or immune conditions.

Supportive care includes regular cleaning of the periocular area with sterile saline to prevent secondary infection and monitoring for changes in discharge volume or color. Owners should avoid exposure to smoke, dust, or strong fragrances that can exacerbate irritation.

Early intervention prevents chronic keratoconjunctivitis, corneal scarring, and potential vision loss. Veterinary consultation is essential whenever tear overflow persists beyond a few days or is accompanied by pain, redness, or behavioral signs of discomfort.

Foreign Objects

As a veterinary ophthalmology specialist, I observe that canine ocular discharge frequently results from the intrusion of foreign material into the ocular surface or tear ducts. Small particles such as grass awns, dust, eyelashes, or fragments of debris can irritate the conjunctiva, stimulate lacrimal glands, and produce persistent tearing.

Typical indicators of a foreign object include unilateral or bilateral watery discharge, frequent blinking, pawing at the eye, localized redness, and, in severe cases, corneal ulceration. A thorough examination with an otoscope or slit‑lamp reveals the offending item, which may be lodged on the cornea, within the conjunctival sac, or obstructing the nasolacrimal puncta.

Management proceeds as follows:

Restrain the dog gently; apply a topical anesthetic if needed.
Flush the ocular surface with sterile saline or balanced salt solution to dislodge superficial debris.
If the object remains visible, remove it with fine tweezers or a sterile cotton swab, taking care to avoid corneal damage.
For deeper or embedded items, perform a conjunctival sac irrigation or refer to a specialist for microsurgical extraction.
Administer broad‑spectrum ophthalmic antibiotic drops to prevent secondary infection; add a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drop if inflammation is significant.
Re‑examine after 24‑48 hours; continue topical therapy until discharge resolves and the ocular surface appears normal.

Preventive measures include regular grooming to eliminate loose hair, avoiding walks in tall grass during peak pollen seasons, and inspecting the eye after outdoor activities. Prompt identification and removal of foreign material minimize the risk of chronic keratitis, scarring, or permanent vision loss.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a common ocular disorder that can cause excessive tearing in dogs. The condition results from increased intraocular pressure, which compresses the optic nerve and damages the drainage structures of the eye. Elevated pressure forces fluid to accumulate, leading to a watery discharge, photophobia, and progressive vision loss.

Risk factors include breed predisposition (e.g., Basset Hounds, Cocker Spaniels), age-related changes in the trabecular meshwork, ocular trauma, and secondary inflammation. Early detection relies on observing persistent lacrimation, a bulging cornea, or a dull, hazy appearance of the iris.

Treatment aims to lower intraocular pressure and preserve visual function. Recommended interventions are:

Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., dorzolamide) applied twice daily.
Systemic medications such as oral acetazolamide for acute pressure spikes.
Prostaglandin analogues (e.g., latanoprost) to enhance aqueous outflow.
Surgical options, including laser cyclophotocoagulation or implantation of drainage devices, when medical therapy fails.
Regular monitoring of intraocular pressure using tonometry every 1-2 weeks during the initial phase, then monthly.

Owners should keep the ocular surface clean with sterile saline rinses and avoid exposure to irritants. Prompt veterinary evaluation is essential; untreated glaucoma leads to irreversible blindness within weeks to months.

Trauma

Dogs may develop excessive tearing as a direct response to ocular trauma. Injury to the cornea, conjunctiva, or lacrimal apparatus disrupts normal tear regulation, leading to persistent discharge.

Typical traumatic triggers include blunt impact from collisions, puncture wounds from sharp objects, chemical splashes, and foreign bodies such as grass awns or debris lodged in the eye. These events can cause corneal abrasions, ulcerations, scleral lacerations, or damage to the tear drainage system.

A systematic evaluation begins with a thorough visual inspection, followed by fluorescein staining to reveal epithelial defects. Palpation of the periocular area assesses swelling or hematoma. If a foreign body is suspected, gentle irrigation and slit‑lamp examination are essential. Imaging (ultrasound or CT) may be required for deep or orbital injuries.

Immediate care focuses on preventing infection and reducing inflammation. Rinse the eye with sterile saline, apply a broad‑spectrum ophthalmic antibiotic, and administer a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory eye drop. Analgesia, such as a low‑dose opioid or NSAID, alleviates pain while avoiding sedation that could mask worsening signs.

Long‑term management may involve:

Surgical removal of embedded material or repair of lacerations.
Topical antibiotic ointments applied 2-4 times daily for 7-10 days.
Steroid eye drops for severe inflammation, prescribed after infection is ruled out.
Tear‑film stabilizers (artificial tears) to support corneal healing.
Periodic re‑examination to monitor epithelial closure and drainage function.

Prompt identification of trauma and adherence to a structured treatment protocol minimize the risk of chronic irritation, scarring, or vision loss.

When to Seek Veterinary Care

Signs of Serious Eye Problems

Watery eyes in dogs often result from irritation, allergies, or minor infection, but certain manifestations indicate a more serious condition that requires prompt veterinary attention.

Continuous thick or colored discharge
Blood appearing in the tear film or on the eyelid margin
Swelling of the eyelid or surrounding tissue
Persistent squinting or inability to keep the eye open
Unequal or dilated pupils
Cloudy cornea or visible opacity
Visible injury, ulcer, or foreign object in the eye
Repeated rubbing of the eye with the paw or nose
Sudden loss of visual response

These signs suggest possible corneal ulcer, glaucoma, uveitis, retinal disease, or traumatic damage. Immediate evaluation by a veterinarian is essential; delayed treatment can lead to permanent vision loss. While awaiting professional care, keep the area clean with sterile saline, avoid applying ointments or medications without guidance, and prevent the dog from rubbing the eye. The veterinarian will perform a thorough ocular examination, may prescribe topical antibiotics, anti‑inflammatory drops, systemic pain relief, or surgical intervention depending on the diagnosis. Early intervention maximizes the chance of full recovery and preserves the dog’s sight.

Emergency Situations

Dogs may develop sudden tearing due to conditions that require immediate attention. Recognizing an emergency can prevent permanent damage to the ocular surface and preserve vision.

A rapid increase in tear production accompanied by any of the following signs signals an urgent situation: intense redness, swelling of the eyelids, visible foreign material, hemorrhage, severe pain indicated by pawing at the eye, or sudden loss of sight. These symptoms often stem from trauma, corneal ulcer, acute allergic reaction, or infectious keratitis.

When an emergency is suspected, follow these steps:

Restrain the dog calmly to avoid further injury.
Examine the eye without touching the surface; note discharge color, pupil size, and any visible objects.
Flush the eye with sterile saline or a commercially available ocular rinse to remove debris.
Apply a temporary protective shield, such as a clean gauze pad, to prevent rubbing.
Contact a veterinary ophthalmologist or an emergency clinic within minutes; provide a concise description of symptoms and any first‑aid measures taken.

Long‑term management after the emergency visit includes:

Prescription of topical antibiotics or anti‑inflammatories as directed.
Administration of systemic pain relief if indicated.
Monitoring for recurrence of tearing, which may suggest underlying chronic issues like nasolacrimal duct obstruction or entropion.
Regular follow‑up examinations to assess healing and adjust therapy.

Preventive measures reduce the likelihood of acute ocular crises: keep the environment free of sharp objects, avoid exposure to strong chemicals or irritants, and maintain routine veterinary eye checks, especially for breeds predisposed to eyelid malformations.

Prompt identification and decisive action are essential to safeguard a dog’s visual health when excessive tearing emerges as a sign of an emergency.

Diagnosing the Cause

Physical Examination

A thorough physical examination is the first step in diagnosing lacrimation in a canine patient. The veterinarian begins by observing the ocular discharge: color, consistency, and volume provide clues to underlying pathology. Clear, watery secretions often indicate irritation or allergic inflammation, whereas thick, yellow or green material suggests bacterial infection.

The examiner inspects the eyelids for swelling, redness, or crusting, and palpates the periocular tissues for tenderness. Assessment of the conjunctiva includes checking for hyperemia, edema, or foreign material. A fluorescein stain applied to the cornea reveals epithelial defects; any uptake indicates ulceration or surface trauma.

Evaluation of tear production involves a Schirmer tear test, measuring the length of wetting on a standardized strip after five minutes. Values below the species‑specific reference range point to keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which may coexist with excessive tearing due to compensatory mechanisms. Nasolacrimal duct patency is tested by flushing sterile saline through the puncta; resistance or reflux suggests obstruction.

Based on these findings, treatment options are selected:

Irritation or allergy: topical antihistamine or anti‑inflammatory drops, environmental allergen control.
Bacterial infection: appropriate topical antibiotic therapy, guided by culture if available.
Corneal ulcer: frequent lubrication, possible systemic antibiotics, and protective bandage contact lens.
Tear film deficiency: cyclosporine or tacrolimus ophthalmic ointment, punctal plugs if indicated.

Follow‑up examinations monitor response, adjust medication, and ensure resolution of the underlying cause. Regular reassessment of tear production and ocular surface health prevents recurrence and preserves vision.

Ophthalmic Tests

Fluorescein Stain Test

A watery discharge in a canine eye often signals corneal irritation, ulceration, or infection. Accurate diagnosis requires a method that reveals epithelial defects invisible to the naked eye; the fluorescein stain test fulfills this need.

Fluorescein is a water‑soluble dye that adheres to exposed stromal tissue. When a drop is placed on the ocular surface, intact epithelium repels the dye, while compromised areas absorb it, producing a bright green fluorescence under cobalt blue illumination. The test therefore distinguishes superficial lesions from deeper pathology and guides therapeutic choices.

Procedure

Restrain the dog gently; apply a topical anesthetic if needed.
Place one to two drops of 1 % fluorescein solution onto the cornea.
Wait 30-60 seconds for the dye to settle.
Illuminate the eye with a cobalt blue filter and observe the corneal surface.
Record the size, shape, and location of any stained zones.

Interpretation

No staining: tear overproduction likely stems from allergic or lacrimal gland issues; treatment may involve antihistamines or tear‑film stabilizers.
Small, linear stains: indicate superficial scratches; management includes lubricants and protective eyewear.
Large, irregular stains: suggest ulceration or infectious keratitis; immediate antimicrobial therapy and possible surgical intervention are warranted.

The fluorescein stain test is rapid, inexpensive, and repeatable, making it essential for monitoring healing progress. By pinpointing epithelial damage, veterinarians can select targeted treatments, reduce unnecessary medication, and improve visual outcomes for affected dogs.

Schirmer Tear Test

The Schirmer Tear Test (STT) is a quantitative assessment of lacrimal production in dogs. It provides an objective measurement that helps differentiate normal tear flow from pathological conditions causing excessive tearing.

During the test, a calibrated strip of filter paper is placed in the lower conjunctival sac for one minute. The strip absorbs tear fluid, and the length of wetting, measured in millimeters, indicates tear volume. Normal values range from 15 mm to 25 mm in adult dogs; values below 10 mm suggest reduced tear production, while values above 30 mm may accompany hyperlacrimation linked to irritation or obstruction.

The STT is valuable for evaluating dogs with persistent ocular discharge. Low readings direct clinicians toward dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) treatment, such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus eye drops. High or normal readings, combined with clinical signs, prompt investigation of allergic conjunctivitis, foreign bodies, or nasolacrimal duct blockage. In such cases, additional diagnostics-fluorescein staining, dacryocystography, or cytology-guide targeted therapy.

Performing the test requires gentle restraint, topical anesthesia optional, and strict adherence to timing. Repeating the test after therapeutic interventions tracks response and adjusts medication dosages.

Key points for practitioners:

Use sterile Schirmer strips; avoid contact with eyelashes.
Record wetting length to the nearest millimeter.
Compare results with established breed-specific reference ranges.
Integrate STT findings with clinical examination to formulate a treatment plan.

By incorporating the Schirmer Tear Test into routine ophthalmic evaluation, veterinarians can accurately identify the underlying cause of watery eyes and implement evidence‑based interventions.

Tonometry

Dogs often develop excessive tearing due to irritation, infection, allergic reaction, or elevated intra‑ocular pressure. Measuring eye pressure with a tonometer distinguishes normal tear production from pressure‑related pathology such as glaucoma, which requires immediate intervention.

Tonometry provides a quantitative assessment of intra‑ocular pressure (IOP). The most common devices for canine patients are rebound and applanation tonometers. Rebound tonometers require brief contact with the cornea and deliver readings within seconds; applanation tonometers flatten a small corneal area to calculate pressure. Both methods must be calibrated for the species and performed after topical anesthesia to reduce discomfort.

Interpretation of IOP values follows established canine reference ranges (typically 10-25 mm Hg). Values above this window suggest hypertensive eye disease, prompting treatment with topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogues, or systemic agents. Normal or low readings shift the diagnostic focus toward allergic conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, or foreign bodies, guiding treatment toward antihistamines, antibiotics, or surgical correction of drainage obstruction.

Practical steps for tonometric evaluation:

Apply sterile ocular lubricant and a drop of topical anesthetic.
Position the tonometer probe per manufacturer guidelines, ensuring a perpendicular approach to the corneal surface.
Acquire three consecutive readings; record the average.
Compare the result with the canine normal range and document any asymmetry between eyes.
If IOP exceeds the upper limit, initiate anti‑glaucoma therapy and schedule follow‑up measurements.

Regular tonometric monitoring supports early detection of pressure fluctuations, reduces the risk of irreversible optic nerve damage, and complements therapeutic plans aimed at controlling tear overproduction.

Treatment Options

Home Care

Cleaning and Wiping

Veterinary experience shows that ocular discharge often results from irritants, infections, allergies, or anatomical abnormalities. Immediate surface care reduces discomfort and prevents secondary infection, making proper cleaning and wiping essential in management.

Effective ocular hygiene begins with preparation. Use sterile saline or a veterinarian‑approved ophthalmic cleanser, soft lint‑free gauze, and disposable gloves. Avoid cotton balls, which can leave fibers in the conjunctival sac. Ensure the dog is calm; a gentle hold behind the neck or a short muzzle restraint provides stability without distress.

Cleaning procedure:

Dampen a gauze corner with saline; excess fluid should be wrung out to prevent runoff.
Hold the lower eyelid gently to expose the tear film.
Wipe from the inner (medial) corner outward, using a single, clean segment of gauze for each pass.
Rotate to the upper eyelid, repeating the same outward motion.
Discard the used segment; repeat with a fresh piece if residue remains.
Inspect the ocular surface for redness, swelling, or foreign material after each wipe.

Frequency depends on severity. Mild tearing may require twice‑daily cleaning; moderate discharge often needs three to four sessions. Persistent or worsening symptoms warrant veterinary evaluation, as underlying pathology may demand pharmacologic intervention.

Precautions include avoiding direct pressure on the globe, not using harsh chemicals, and ensuring the cleaning solution matches the dog’s ocular pH. Store supplies in a clean, sealed container to maintain sterility. Regular hygiene, combined with appropriate medical treatment, restores ocular health and reduces the risk of chronic complications.

Warm Compresses

Watery eyes in dogs often indicate irritation, infection, allergic reaction, or obstruction of the tear‑draining system. Persistent discharge can lead to inflammation of the ocular surface and discomfort for the animal. Warm compresses provide a simple, non‑pharmacological method to alleviate these conditions by promoting glandular drainage, softening crusted secretions, and increasing local blood flow.

To apply a warm compress correctly, follow these steps:

Soak a clean, lint‑free cloth in warm (not hot) water; temperature should be comfortably warm to the touch, approximately 38-40 °C.
Wring out excess moisture so the cloth is damp but not dripping.
Fold the cloth to a size that covers the affected eye without pressing on the globe.
Hold the compress against the eye for 2-3 minutes, ensuring continuous contact.
Repeat the procedure 2-3 times daily until discharge diminishes.

Key considerations:

Verify water temperature before each use; excessive heat can damage delicate ocular tissues.
Observe the eye for signs of worsening redness, swelling, or ulceration; discontinue compresses and seek veterinary care if these appear.
Do not use scented soaps or chemicals in the water; plain tap water is sufficient.
For breeds prone to ocular issues (e.g., brachycephalic dogs), limit each session to 1 minute to avoid excessive pressure.

Warm compresses complement veterinary treatments such as topical antibiotics or anti‑inflammatory drops. When integrated into a comprehensive care plan, they can reduce tearing, improve comfort, and support the healing process without introducing medication side effects. Regular monitoring of the eye’s condition remains essential to adjust therapy promptly.

Medications

Eye Drops and Ointments

Eye drops and ointments are the primary pharmacological tools for managing canine ocular discharge. Their selection depends on the underlying cause, severity of symptoms, and the dog's tolerance for topical application.

When a dog’s eyes water excessively, the veterinarian first determines whether the irritation is allergic, infectious, mechanical, or a result of systemic disease. Antihistamine or mast‑cell stabilizer drops reduce histamine‑mediated tearing caused by allergens. Antibiotic drops such as enrofloxacin or polymyxin‑B target bacterial conjunctivitis, while antiviral formulations address canine herpesvirus infections. Anti‑inflammatory drops containing corticosteroids or non‑steroidal agents mitigate immune‑mediated inflammation but require careful monitoring because of potential side effects.

Ointments provide longer contact time on the ocular surface, making them suitable for conditions that need sustained drug release, such as dry‑eye syndromes or postoperative care. Common bases include petrolatum, lanolin, or hyaluronic‑acid gels. They are typically applied once or twice daily, depending on the formulation’s potency and the severity of the lesion.

Practical guidelines for administration:

Wash hands thoroughly before each application.
Restrain the dog gently; a helper may hold the head while the practitioner steadies the muzzle.
For drops, pull the lower eyelid down to form a pocket and instill the prescribed number of drops without touching the tip of the bottle to the eye.
For ointments, place a thin ribbon at the junction of the eyelid and globe; excess material can be removed with a clean gauze pad.
Observe the dog for signs of discomfort, excessive blinking, or discharge worsening; report any adverse reactions to the veterinarian promptly.

Storage considerations include keeping medications at room temperature, away from direct sunlight, and discarding any product that changes color or consistency. Shelf life varies; most multi‑dose containers remain effective for 30 days after opening.

Choosing the appropriate formulation and following a disciplined dosing schedule can reduce tearing, promote healing, and prevent secondary complications such as corneal ulceration. Regular veterinary follow‑up ensures that therapy remains effective and adjustments are made if the underlying condition evolves.

Antibiotics

Watery discharge in a dog’s eyes often signals irritation, allergic response, or infection. When a bacterial conjunctivitis or keratitis is confirmed, systemic or topical antibiotics become necessary to eliminate the pathogen and prevent complications such as corneal ulceration.

The decision to prescribe antibiotics follows a diagnostic protocol: cytology or culture of the tear sample, assessment of inflammation severity, and exclusion of viral or fungal agents. Empirical therapy may begin with a broad‑spectrum ophthalmic preparation, such as a fluoroquinolone eye drop, while awaiting laboratory results. If systemic involvement is suspected-e.g., deep stromal infection or orbital cellulitis-oral agents like amoxicillin‑clavulanate or doxycycline are indicated, dosed according to body weight and renal function.

Key considerations for antibiotic use include:

Selection of a drug with proven efficacy against common canine ocular pathogens (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas).
Confirmation of susceptibility to avoid resistance development.
Monitoring for adverse reactions, particularly gastrointestinal upset with oral formulations and local irritation with topical agents.
Completion of the full therapeutic course, even if clinical signs improve early, to ensure eradication of the organism.

Adjunctive measures support recovery: gentle ocular cleaning with sterile saline, avoidance of environmental irritants, and, when appropriate, anti‑inflammatory medication to reduce swelling. Regular re‑examination confirms resolution of discharge and identifies any residual corneal damage that may require further intervention.

In summary, antibiotics are warranted only after a bacterial etiology is established or strongly suspected. Proper drug choice, dosage, and duration, combined with supportive care, achieve rapid reduction of tearing and protect ocular health.

Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Anti‑inflammatory medication is a primary pharmacologic option for managing ocular discharge in canines when inflammation underlies the symptom. Inflammatory processes increase vascular permeability, stimulate tear production, and can irritate the conjunctiva, leading to persistent tearing. Reducing inflammation directly addresses the physiological trigger of excess lacrimation.

Common agents include non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. NSAIDs such as carprofen, meloxicam, and firocoxib inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin synthesis and limiting edema. Corticosteroids-prednisone, dexamethasone, or ophthalmic formulations-suppress a broader immune response, providing rapid reduction of conjunctival hyperemia.

Effective use requires veterinary assessment of the underlying cause. Recommended practices:

Confirm diagnosis (allergy, infection, trauma, foreign body) before initiating therapy.
Select systemic NSAID for mild to moderate inflammation; choose ophthalmic NSAID or corticosteroid for localized ocular involvement.
Observe dosage guidelines: for example, carprofen 4 mg/kg orally once daily; dexamethasone eye drops 1‑2 drops per eye every 8 hours, as prescribed.
Monitor for adverse effects: gastrointestinal ulceration (NSAIDs), increased intraocular pressure, delayed wound healing, or immunosuppression (corticosteroids).
Re‑evaluate after 3‑5 days; discontinue if no improvement or if side effects emerge.

When inflammation stems from bacterial infection, anti‑inflammatory drugs alone are insufficient; combine with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. In allergic cases, antihistamines or allergen avoidance complement anti‑inflammatory treatment.

Veterinary supervision is essential. Self‑medication risks under‑dosing, overdosing, and masking serious ocular pathology that may require surgical intervention or specialized care. Properly applied anti‑inflammatory agents, integrated with a comprehensive diagnostic plan, can markedly reduce tear overproduction and restore ocular comfort in dogs.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a primary pharmacologic option for managing ocular discharge caused by allergic reactions in dogs. They function by blocking histamine receptors, reducing vasodilation and mucus production that contribute to tearing.

Effective agents include:

Cetirizine (10 mg per 20 lb, once daily)
Diphenhydramine (2 mg per lb, every 8 hours)
Loratadine (0.5 mg per lb, once daily)
Chlorpheniramine (0.5 mg per lb, every 12 hours)

Selection depends on the dog’s size, breed sensitivities, and concurrent medications. Oral tablets or liquid formulations are preferred for ease of administration; injectable forms are reserved for emergency settings.

Dosage must be calculated precisely; overdosing can cause sedation, gastrointestinal upset, or cardiac arrhythmias. Initiate treatment at the lowest effective dose and monitor for adverse reactions for at least 48 hours. If side effects appear, reduce the dose or switch to a second‑generation antihistamine with a lower sedative profile.

Antihistamines address the inflammatory component but do not replace a comprehensive diagnostic workup. Persistent tearing may indicate infection, foreign bodies, or tear duct obstruction, requiring antimicrobial therapy or surgical intervention. Veterinary evaluation is essential before starting any antihistamine regimen to confirm that allergy is the underlying cause and to rule out contraindications such as glaucoma or liver disease.

In practice, combine antihistamines with environmental control-regular grooming, hypoallergenic bedding, and avoidance of known allergens-to maximize therapeutic benefit and reduce recurrence of ocular discharge.

Surgical Interventions

Eyelid Correction

A dog’s excessive tearing frequently signals an underlying eyelid defect. When the lid fails to protect the globe, the ocular surface becomes exposed, stimulating lacrimal secretion. The most prevalent lid abnormalities are entropion, where the margin rolls inward; ectropion, where the margin sags outward; and lagophthalmos, where the lids cannot close fully. Each condition disrupts normal tear drainage and creates a moist environment that predisposes the eye to irritation, infection, and corneal damage.

Accurate diagnosis begins with a thorough external examination. Palpation of the lid margin confirms the direction of roll, while a fluorescein stain highlights corneal lesions caused by friction. Measurement of the palpebral fissure and assessment of blink function help differentiate between congenital and acquired forms. Veterinary ophthalmologists may employ slit‑lamp biomicroscopy to evaluate subtle conjunctival changes.

Corrective intervention targets the mechanical fault. Surgical eyelid correction restores appropriate lid position and eliminates abnormal tear flow. The procedure varies by defect:

Entropion: placement of a permanent or temporary subcutaneous anchor (e.g., a “Mason‑Thomas” or “Hotz‑Celsus” technique) to evert the margin.
Ectropion: excision of excess skin and tightening of the orbicularis muscle to reposition the lid.
Lagophthalmos: shortening of the palpebral fissure through a “tarsorrhaphy” or implantation of a lateral canthopexy.

Non‑surgical measures-lubricating drops, anti‑inflammatory medication, and protective eye shields-provide temporary relief but do not address the root cause. When surgery is indicated, pre‑operative blood work ensures systemic health, and general anesthesia is administered with careful monitoring of intra‑ocular pressure.

Post‑operative management includes topical antibiotics for 7‑10 days, a short course of anti‑inflammatories, and restricted activity to prevent wound disruption. Suture removal occurs 10‑14 days after surgery, followed by reassessment of tear production and corneal integrity. Long‑term follow‑up detects recurrence early; owners should observe for persistent discharge, redness, or rubbing.

Early identification of lid malformation and prompt correction eliminate chronic tearing, protect the cornea, and improve a dog’s visual comfort. Regular veterinary eye examinations remain essential for breeds predisposed to eyelid abnormalities.

Tear Duct Flushing

Veterinary ophthalmology identifies tear duct obstruction as a common cause of ocular discharge in dogs. When the nasolacrimal canal becomes narrowed or blocked, tears cannot drain properly, leading to persistent watering and potential secondary infection. Early identification prevents chronic irritation and preserves corneal health.

Tear duct flushing restores patency by introducing a sterile solution through the puncta into the nasolacrimal passage. The technique requires sedation or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and ensure precise catheter placement. A standard protocol includes:

Insertion of a lubricated lacrimal cannula into the medial canthus.
Advancement of the cannula along the canal until resistance is felt.
Injection of 2‑5 ml of isotonic saline or a balanced electrolyte solution.
Observation of fluid emergence from the nostril, confirming successful flow.
Repetition on the opposite eye if bilateral obstruction is suspected.

Potential complications encompass mucosal trauma, hemorrhage, or inadvertent introduction of infection. To mitigate risks, clinicians employ aseptic preparation, use low‑pressure irrigation, and monitor the animal for post‑procedure swelling or discharge. Follow‑up examinations at 24‑48 hours assess resolution of tearing and detect any residual blockage.

If flushing fails to achieve drainage, additional interventions-such as repeated irrigation, ductal stenting, or surgical reconstruction-may be warranted. Owners should maintain a clean ocular environment, apply prescribed topical antibiotics if indicated, and report any recurrence of excessive tearing promptly. Proper management of nasolacrimal obstruction reduces discomfort and protects visual function in affected dogs.

Foreign Object Removal

Watery discharge in a dog’s eyes often signals the presence of a foreign particle irritating the ocular surface. Small debris such as grass seeds, dust, or specks of sand can become lodged in the tear film, triggering reflex tearing as the eye attempts to flush the irritant. Prompt identification and safe extraction prevent secondary inflammation, infection, or corneal damage.

Typical indicators of a lodged object include localized redness, excessive tearing, frequent blinking, and a visible speck near the eyelid margin. The dog may also exhibit discomfort when the eye is touched or show a tendency to paw at the face. If the irritation persists for more than 24 hours, or if the cornea appears cloudy, professional veterinary assessment is required.

Safe removal procedure

Prepare the area: Wash hands thoroughly; use sterile saline solution and clean gauze or a cotton swab.
Stabilize the animal: Enlist an assistant to hold the dog gently but firmly, minimizing movement without causing stress.
Inspect the eye: Pull the lower eyelid down to expose the tear duct; if the object is visible on the inner surface, attempt removal with a damp cotton swab, moving from the outer edge toward the center to avoid pushing the particle deeper.
Address the upper lid: If the object lies on the upper eyelid, ask the assistant to gently open the eye by pulling the upper lid upward; use a moistened swab to lift the debris.
Flush the eye: After extraction, irrigate the ocular surface with sterile saline to clear residual particles and reduce inflammation.
Monitor the response: Observe for reduced tearing and normal blinking within a few hours. Persistent discharge or signs of pain warrant immediate veterinary care.

When professional intervention is necessary

The object is embedded in the cornea or conjunctiva.
The dog shows signs of severe pain, swelling, or ulceration.
The eye remains excessively watery despite flushing.
The owner is unable to restrain the animal safely for removal.

Veterinarians may employ specialized instruments such as fine forceps, a slit‑lamp biomicroscope, or a sterile ophthalmic spud to extract deeply seated particles. They can also prescribe topical antibiotics or anti‑inflammatory drops to prevent infection and accelerate healing.

Understanding that foreign material is a common trigger for ocular tearing enables owners to act quickly, reducing the risk of lasting damage and ensuring the dog’s vision remains intact.

Prevention

Regular Eye Cleaning

Regular eye cleaning is a fundamental component of managing canine ocular discharge. Excessive tearing often results from irritants, allergens, or minor infections; removing debris reduces stimulation of the lacrimal glands and prevents secondary complications.

Effective cleaning requires sterile saline solution or a veterinarian‑approved ocular wipe. Moisten a soft, lint‑free cloth, fold it into a small pad, and gently press against the lower eyelid to absorb tears and discharge. Avoid rubbing, which can damage the cornea. Repeat the process for each eye, using a fresh pad to prevent cross‑contamination.

Key steps for consistent care:

Gather supplies: sterile saline, single‑use wipes, cotton swabs, and a clean towel.
Wash hands thoroughly before handling the dog’s face.
Inspect the eye for redness, swelling, or foreign particles.
Apply the moistened pad, starting at the inner corner and moving outward.
Dispose of the pad immediately; do not reuse.
Reward the dog to encourage cooperation during future sessions.

Frequency depends on the underlying cause. For mild tearing, cleaning twice daily maintains comfort. Persistent discharge, especially if accompanied by swelling or a change in color, warrants veterinary evaluation within 24 hours.

Precautions include avoiding solutions with preservatives, not inserting objects into the eye, and monitoring for signs of irritation after each cleaning session. When in doubt, consult a veterinarian to rule out conjunctivitis, glaucoma, or tear duct obstruction.

Avoiding Irritants

Tear production in dogs often results from exposure to environmental or chemical irritants. Identifying and eliminating these triggers reduces ocular discharge and prevents secondary infection.

Common irritants include:

Smoke, incense, and strong fragrances that irritate the conjunctiva.
Dust, pollen, and mold spores that settle on the cornea.
Cleaning agents, detergents, and aerosol sprays that contact the eye surface.
Salty seawater or chlorinated pool water that disrupts tear film stability.
Foreign particles such as grass awn, sand, or hair that become lodged in the eyelid margin.

Preventive measures are straightforward. Keep the dog's living area well‑ventilated and free of tobacco smoke or scented candles. Use air purifiers or HEPA filters to reduce airborne allergens. Store household chemicals in sealed containers and clean surfaces with pet‑safe products. When walking near beaches or pools, rinse the muzzle and eyes with fresh water afterward. Regular grooming removes loose hair and debris that could enter the eye.

If tearing persists despite environmental control, examine the eyes for signs of irritation: redness, swelling, or discharge. Apply a sterile saline rinse to flush out residual particles. Consult a veterinarian for diagnostic testing and prescription of anti‑inflammatory drops or lubricating ointments. Early intervention combined with diligent avoidance of known irritants yields the best outcome for canine ocular health.

Routine Veterinary Check-ups

Routine veterinary examinations are essential for early detection of ocular disorders that cause excessive tearing in dogs. During a standard visit, the veterinarian evaluates the eyes for signs of infection, allergy, foreign body, or anatomical abnormalities. A thorough ocular assessment includes visual inspection, fluorescein staining to reveal corneal lesions, and measurement of tear production with a Schirmer test. These procedures identify the underlying cause of epiphora and guide appropriate therapy.

Preventive measures discussed at the appointment reduce the likelihood of tear overflow. Maintaining proper hygiene, controlling environmental irritants, and ensuring up‑to‑date vaccinations protect against conjunctivitis and other infectious agents. The veterinarian may recommend regular grooming of facial hair to prevent hair‑induced irritation, especially in breeds prone to trichiasis.

When a problem is identified, treatment plans are tailored to the specific etiology. Common interventions include:

Topical antibiotic or anti‑inflammatory drops for bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis.
Surgical correction for eyelid malpositions such as entropion or ectropion.
Removal of debris or foreign material under sterile conditions.
Systemic medications for underlying immune‑mediated diseases.

Follow‑up appointments monitor response to therapy and adjust dosages as needed. Documentation of ocular health trends over time enables the clinician to anticipate recurrences and implement long‑term management strategies.

Owners should schedule veterinary check‑ups at least annually, with more frequent visits for senior dogs or those with a history of eye problems. Consistent professional evaluation ensures that tear‑related issues are addressed promptly, preserving visual function and comfort for the animal.

Specific Breeds and Eye Conditions

Brachycephalic Breeds

Brachycephalic dogs-such as Bulldogs, Pugs, and Shih Tzus-commonly exhibit excessive tearing because their facial structure limits normal tear drainage. The shortened skull compresses the nasolacrimal duct, while prominent eyes and shallow eye sockets increase exposure to dust and allergens. Tight or malformed eyelids can cause incomplete blinking, leading to irritation and reflex tearing. Breed‑specific skin folds often trap moisture, creating a humid environment that promotes discharge.

Typical signs include constant wetness around the eyes, staining of the fur, and occasional crusting. When left unchecked, chronic epiphora may progress to dermatitis, conjunctivitis, or corneal ulcers, compromising vision and comfort.

Management requires a combination of hygiene, medical intervention, and, in severe cases, corrective surgery. Effective steps are:

Clean the peri‑ocular area daily with a sterile saline solution or a veterinarian‑recommended wipe; avoid harsh chemicals that may irritate the ocular surface.
Trim hair around the eyes to reduce moisture accumulation; use blunt scissors to prevent accidental cuts.
Apply a thin layer of veterinary‑approved lubricating eye drops if the cornea appears dry; this supports the tear film and reduces reflex tearing.
Schedule a veterinary examination to assess nasolacrimal duct patency, eyelid alignment, and potential entropion or ectropion.
Consider surgical options-such as duct reconstruction, eyelid tightening, or removal of excessive skin folds-when conservative measures fail to control tearing and associated inflammation.

Preventive care includes maintaining a stable indoor climate, limiting exposure to smoke or strong odors, and providing a balanced diet to support overall skin health. Regular veterinary check‑ups enable early detection of ocular problems, ensuring that brachycephalic dogs receive timely treatment and maintain optimal eye comfort.

Breeds Prone to Genetic Eye Diseases

Dogs often exhibit tearing as a symptom of inherited ocular disorders. Recognizing breed‑related risk factors enables early intervention and reduces vision loss.

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel - predisposed to keratoconjunctivitis sicca and progressive retinal atrophy.
Basset Hound - high incidence of cataracts and retinal dysplasia.
Shar Pei - prone to entropion and corneal ulceration.
Boxer - frequent cases of glaucoma and cataract formation.
Pug - susceptible to corneal dystrophy and dry eye syndrome.
English Springer Spaniel - elevated risk of progressive retinal atrophy.
Miniature Schnauzer - notable for cataracts and retinal degeneration.

Genetic eye diseases typically manifest as excessive lacrimation, ocular discharge, or visual impairment. Progressive retinal atrophy destroys photoreceptor cells, leading to night blindness that advances to total blindness. Cataracts cloud the lens, obstructing light entry. Glaucoma elevates intraocular pressure, damaging the optic nerve. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca reduces tear production, causing irritation and secondary tearing. Entropion folds the eyelid inward, exposing the cornea to friction and inflammation.

Owners should monitor for persistent tearing, redness, cloudiness, or behavioral signs of visual loss. Prompt veterinary examination allows diagnostic testing-tonometry for pressure, ophthalmoscopy for retinal health, Schirmer tear test for dryness. Treatment varies by condition: artificial tears and immunomodulators for dry eye, topical antibiotics for ulceration, surgical correction for entropion, intraocular pressure‑lowering drugs for glaucoma, and phacoemulsification for cataract removal. Genetic screening kits assist breeders in identifying carriers and reducing disease prevalence.

Routine ophthalmic examinations, at least annually for high‑risk breeds, support early detection. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, controlling systemic diseases, and avoiding ocular trauma further protect canine vision.