If it's a dog, what is it? - briefly
If it's a dog, it must be identified by its breed, behavior, and physical characteristics.
If it's a dog, what is it? - in detail
If we are to determine the precise identity of an animal that is referred to as a "dog," we must delve into the specific characteristics and taxonomic classification that set dogs apart from other canids and mammals. Dogs, scientifically known as Canis lupus familiaris, belong to the genus Canis within the family Canidae. They are distinct from their closest relative, the gray wolf (Canis lupus), primarily due to a process of selective breeding by humans over thousands of years. This deliberate selection has led to the development of numerous breeds, each with its own unique physical traits and behavioral characteristics.
Physically, dogs exhibit a wide range of sizes, from the diminutive Chihuahua to the towering Great Dane. Their coats can vary significantly in color, length, and texture, depending on the breed. Furthermore, dogs possess a set of distinctive features that include pointed ears, retractable claws, and, in most cases, a long tail. Behaviorally, dogs are renowned for their loyalty, intelligence, and adaptability to various environments. They have been bred for a multitude of purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, and companionship, which has further diversified their physical attributes and behavioral tendencies.
Genetically, dogs share approximately 98.8% of their DNA with wolves, highlighting their close evolutionary relationship. However, the selective pressures exerted by humans during domestication have resulted in notable differences between dogs and wolves. For instance, dogs display a greater ability to understand human gestures and communicate using both vocalizations and body language. They also exhibit reduced aggression towards humans compared to their wild counterparts.
In summary, identifying an animal as a "dog" encompasses not only its physical characteristics but also its behavioral traits and genetic makeup. The process of domestication and selective breeding has given rise to the vast array of dog breeds we see today, each contributing to our understanding of what it means to be a dog.