When to vaccinate after a dog bite? - briefly
Vaccination should be initiated as soon as possible after a dog bite, ideally within 48 hours, to effectively prevent rabies infection. If more than 7 days have passed since the bite, vaccination may still be considered but requires additional doses.
When to vaccinate after a dog bite? - in detail
When considering vaccination following a dog bite, it is crucial to understand that the timing and type of vaccine administration are critical factors in preventing rabies infection. The decision to vaccinate should be based on the animal's vaccination status and behavior during the incident.
If the biting dog is known to be currently vaccinated against rabies and exhibited no signs of illness at the time of the bite, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may not be necessary for the bitten individual. However, it is essential to monitor the animal for any changes in behavior over a 10-day period following the incident. If the dog becomes ill or dies during this observation period, PEP should be initiated immediately.
In cases where the biting dog's vaccination status is unknown or the dog was not vaccinated, PEP is recommended as soon as possible after the bite occurs. The World Health Organization (WHO) advises that PEP should begin promptly and no later than 24 hours following exposure to minimize the risk of rabies development.
The type of vaccine used in PEP depends on the individual's immunization history and the availability of vaccines. For individuals with unknown or incomplete vaccination records, a full course of vaccine consisting of four doses administered over 14 days is typically recommended. The first dose is usually given immediately after the bite, followed by three additional doses on days 3, 7, and 14.
In addition to the vaccine, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) may be administered to provide immediate passive protection against the virus. RIG is particularly important for individuals with a high risk of developing rabies, such as those who have sustained multiple or deep bites or have underlying immune system disorders. The timing and dosage of RIG should be determined based on the individual's weight and the type of vaccine used in PEP.
It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional promptly after a dog bite to assess the need for vaccination and receive appropriate medical care. Prompt intervention can significantly reduce the risk of rabies infection and prevent potential fatal outcomes.