"Vertebrae" - what is it, definition of the term
Vertebrae are individual bones that form the spine in dogs, and by extension, in many other animals including humans. Each vertebra consists of a central body, which bears most of the weight, and an arch-like structure called the neural arch that protects the spinal cord. In dogs, there are typically 7 cervical (neck), 13 thoracic (chest), 7 lumbar (lower back), 3 sacral (pelvic region), and 20-23 caudal (tail) vertebrae, making a total of about 70 vertebrae. The shape and size of the vertebrae vary along the spine to accommodate different movements and support specific body regions.
Detailed information
Vertebrae are an essential component of a dog's skeletal system, playing a crucial role in providing structure, support, and protection for the spinal cord. In dogs, the vertebral column is composed of individual bones called vertebrae, which are stacked upon each other to form the spine. Each vertebra consists of two main parts: the body (centrum) and the arch (neural arch), with the latter enclosing the spinal cord within the vertebral canal.
The canine vertebral column is typically divided into five regions based on their location and function: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal. The cervical region comprises seven vertebrae (C1-C7), responsible for the flexibility and mobility of the neck. The thoracic region includes 13 vertebrae (T1-T13) that articulate with the ribs, providing attachment points for the muscles involved in breathing. The lumbar region consists of seven vertebrae (L1-L7), which are robust and designed to support the weight of the dog's body. The sacral region is made up of three fused vertebrae (S1-S3) that form the sacrum, which connects to the pelvis. Lastly, the caudal region includes 20-25 vertebrae (Co1-Co24/25), which make up the tail and provide balance and communication signals through movement.
Each vertebra is designed to withstand significant forces while allowing for a range of motion. The body of each vertebra is the largest part, providing the primary site for weight bearing and attachment of intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae. The neural arch surrounds the spinal cord, protecting it from injury. The transverse processes extend laterally from the vertebral body, serving as attachment points for muscles and ligaments that control movement and stability of the spine.
In dogs, the vertebral column is subject to various conditions and diseases that can affect its structure and function. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common issue in certain breeds, where the intervertebral discs herniate or rupture, causing pain and potentially leading to paralysis. Degenerative changes, such as arthritis, can also affect the vertebrae, leading to reduced mobility and discomfort. Proper care, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and routine veterinary check-ups, can help maintain the health of a dog's vertebral column and ensure optimal function throughout its life.